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eye witness Flashcards

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1
Q

things that effect enoding memory

A

inattention, unexpectdeness

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2
Q

recall memory

A
  • a type of retrival

-reporting details of a witnessed
event

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3
Q

Recognition Memory

A

reporting whether what is
currently being viewed/heard is the same as the
previously seen person/item of interest

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4
Q

estimatre varibale vs system varisblr

A

Independent Variables (field)
◦ Estimator Variables → present at the time of the crime
◦ Cannot be changed
◦ Examples: age of witness, lighting, presence of weapon, was
witness intoxicated?

System Variables → can be manipulated to increase or
decrease eyewitness accuracy
(fied and lab)
◦ Can be changed, under the control of the justice system to
change
◦ Example: structure of interview, type of lineup procedure

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5
Q

Eyewitness Research: Dependant Variables

A
  • revall of crime/event
  • recall of perpetrator

-Recognition of Perpetrator

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6
Q

recall analysis

A

in eye witness resrarch

  • Amount of info
  • Type of info
  • Accuracy of info
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7
Q

Issues with Current Interview Techniques

A

Officers commonly interrupt witnesses
Officers ask short, specific questions
Officers ask questions in a random order
Contamination of co-witnesses can occur
◦ Memory Conformity: what one witness reports influences what the other
witness reports
Officers ask questions that are ‘leading’ or suggestive

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8
Q

can memories change when you try to recall them

A

order of events can change

u can choose to embelish one aspect

can forget aspects of the event

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9
Q

can recongiton memeory be used for weapons and items and voices

A

yes

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10
Q

Loftus & Palmer (1974) leading/suggestive q study

A

Participants watched a video of a car accident

Faster speeds reported → smashed
Slower speeds reported → bumped, contacted

weeks later asked about glass shards - only say yes if word was smashed

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11
Q

Loftus (1975) three-minute video of 8 demonstrators disrupting a class

A

Half of participants → ‘Was the leader of the 12
demonstrators male?’

Other half → ‘Was the leader of the 4 demonstrators male?’

One week later → How many demonstrators were there?
First half → average 8.85
Second half → average 6.4

maybe bc memory is being changed, maybe bc we know misinfo but think we were wrong

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12
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Witness presented with inaccurate information after an event will
incorporate that misinformation into subsequent recall

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13
Q

Misinformation Acceptance Hypothesis:

A

witnesses guess at the answer they
think the experimenter wants

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14
Q

Source Misattribution Hypothesis:

A

accurate and inaccurate memories both
recalled – however, witnesses do not remember where each came from

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15
Q

Memory Impairment Hypothesis

A

original memory is replaced or altered, original
memory is no longer accessible

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16
Q

does misinfomraiton effect only work when there is authority

A

no - it works when there is just other witnesses

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17
Q

Standard Cognitive Interview

A

Reinstating
the Context

Reporting
Everything

Reversing
Order

Changing
Perspective

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18
Q

Enhanced Cognitive Interview

A
  • Rapport Building
  • Supportive interviewer
    behavior
  • Transfer of control
  • Focused Retrieval
  • Witness-Compatible
    Questioning
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19
Q

are cogngitve interview effective and common

A

yes effective but both equally

not common bc time consuimg and need certain envrinmnet

still good to use certain parts tho

20
Q

Describing a Perpetrator

A

Hair and clothing are most
common descriptors

Witnesses to staged crimes → average 7.35 descriptors

Witnesses to real crimes → average 3.94 descriptors

21
Q

why is wriring things worse than speaking

A

cannot write as fast as u can speak so u miss some stuff

22
Q

what things r usually accurate

A

gender, hair colours, hair length, age, height, complextion, type of top

23
Q

what is usually not accuarte

A

weight, eye colour, shoes

24
Q

fratural appraoch

A

breaking things into parts/their features and putting it back together

  • dont do this for faces unless have ASD
25
Q

Similarity-to-suspect strategy

A

Matches lineup members to
suspect’s appearance

26
Q

Match-to-description strategy

A

Distractors have features that
were described in initial
description

27
Q

Fair Lineup

A

Suspect does not stand out
from distractors

28
Q

Default values in a lineup

A

sex, race, etc.

29
Q

problem w similarity-to-suspect stratgey

A

could be hard to pivk out if they all look the same

30
Q

Foil Identification →

A

can happen with either
target-present or target-absent
◦ Known to police - the incorrect person will not
be prosecuted
◦ Is the witness’ memory credible?

31
Q

False Rejection →

A

may result in guilty suspect
going free

32
Q

False Identification →

A

innocent suspect could
be prosecuted
◦ Most serious type of identification error

33
Q

Simultaneous Lineup:

A

all lineup members presented at the same time
◦ Relative judgement: members are compared to one another

issue for target absent

person who looks most like the idea

34
Q

Sequential Lineup

A

lineup members presented serially to witness
◦ Absolute judgement: members are compared to the witness’ memory of the
perpetrator

35
Q

Lindsay & Wells (1985) findings abt target absent

A

shows sequential better for target absent

University students watched
video-taped theft
Asked to identify perpetrator
from 6 photos
Independent Variables
◦ Target → absent or present
◦ Procedure → simultaneous
or sequential

36
Q

Does order matter? Where do we place the suspect?

A

we look left to right so foil in the left choosing more bc looked at first

37
Q

Alternative Formats

A

Photo arrays: quick, portable, static, less
anxiety for witness

Video-recorded lineups: can view behavior, can pause + zoom

Showup: only one suspect is presented
to the witness - absolute judgment

Walk-By: naturalistic, police bring
witness to where suspect is likely to be

38
Q

Lineup Biases

A

Fair Lineup: Suspect does not
stand out from distractors

Biased Lineup: the person the
police suspect is obvious in some
way
◦ It is obvious to the witness who the
police want them to pick

Foil bias
◦ Suspect is the only lineup member
who matches the initial description

Clothing bias
◦ Suspect is the only lineup member
wearing clothing similar to perp

Instruction bias
◦ Police fail to mention that suspect
may not be present

39
Q

is it good to do multiple lineups for the same crime

A

yes

40
Q

Eyewitness Research

A

Independent Variables
◦ Estimator Variables → present at the time of the crime
◦ Cannot be changed
◦ Examples: age of witness, lighting, presence of weapon, was
witness intoxicated?
- lighting at time of crime

◦ System Variables → can be manipulated to increase or
decrease eyewitness accuracy
◦ Can be changed, under the control of the justice system to
change
◦ Example: structure of interview, type of lineup procedure
- present ot absent target lineup
- type of interview
- dif kind of lineup

41
Q

Estimator Variable: Age (eyewitness)

A

Older adults less likely to make correct
identification and correct rejection
when compared to younger adults

18 meh 40 wow amazing 60 sucks

42
Q

Estimator Variable: Race

A

Cross-race effect: witnesses remember faces
of people of their own race with greater
accuracy than they remember faces of people
of other races
Ex. Indigenous witnesses will have more
accurate memory for Indigenous perps over
White perps
Cross-race effect can be larger when witness
is intoxicated

Hypotheses that explain the Cross-Race Effect
◦ Attitudes
◦ People who are less prejudiced are better at
distinguishing between faces among races
◦ Physiognomic Homogeneity
◦ Some races have less variability in their faces

Interracial Contact
- only one supported by reesearch
◦ The more contact you have with other races, the better
you will be able to identify them
- solution = more diversity from an ea,ry age

43
Q

Estimator Variable:
Weapon Focus

A

When a weapon is involved, witness’ attention
tends to focus on the weapon rather than the
perpetrator
◦ Affects memory for the crime and the
perpetrator’s appearance
Cue-Utilization Hypothesis: when emotional
arousal increases, attentional capacity decreases
◦ Limited support for this hypothesis
Weapons are unusual and attract witness’
attention

44
Q

Pickel (1999)

A

Is weapon focus due to
unusualness?
Independent Variables
◦ Setting
◦ Threat
Dependent Variable
◦ Memory for the perp’s
appearance
Less accurate description
when at baseball game when
compared to shooting range

45
Q

Carlson & Carlson (2012)

(stickers)

A

Will some other sort of unusualness offset weapon focus?
Independent Variables
◦ Method of aggression → fists, beer bottle, gun
◦ Facial distinctiveness → sticker on perp’s face vs. no sticker
Dependent Variable → accuracy of memory for perpetrator
Results
◦ When no sticker: worse accuracy when gun was present
◦ When sticker present: better accuracy than usual when gun is involved

forensic psych (11 decks)

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