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BOC Study Cards (From success book/Polansky) > Polansky Chemistry Review > Flashcards

Polansky Chemistry Review Flashcards

1
Q

Ex values that may affect chemistry values:

Diurnal Variation
Am?

A

increased ACTH, cortisol, Iron

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2
Q

Ex values that may affect chemistry values:

Diurnal Variation
Pm?

A

Increased GH, PTH, TSH

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3
Q

Ex values that may affect chemistry values:

Day to Day variation

A

> 20% ALT, Bili, CK, Steriods, triglycerides

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4
Q

Ex values that may affect chemistry values:

Recent food ingestion

A

increased glucose
gastrin/triglycerides

decreased chloride, K,

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5
Q

Required fasting panels

A

fasting glucose, triglycerides, lipid panels

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6
Q

Alcohol changes on chemistry panels

A

dec glucose, increase triglycerides, GGT

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7
Q

Ex values that may affect chemistry values:

Activity

A

in ambulatory pts : Creatinine Kinase

Excersise: K, phos, lactic acid, creatinine, LD..etc

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8
Q

Ex values that may affect chemistry values:

Stress

A

Increased ACTH, cortisol, catecholamines

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9
Q

Things that affect chemistry results

squeezing site of capillary puncture

A

Preanalytical- increased K

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10
Q

pumping during venipunture

A

increased K, lactic acid, Ca+,

Decreased pH

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11
Q

tourniquate >1min

A

increased K, TP, Lactic acid

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12
Q

IV fluid contamination

A

increased glucose, K, Na, Cl

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13
Q

Hemolysis effects on results

A

increased K, Mg, Phos, LD, Iron..etc

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14
Q

Chilling is required for what analytes?

A

lactic acid, ammonia, blood gases

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15
Q

Higher in plasma than serum
t/l/c

A

TP, LD, calcium

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16
Q

Higher in serum than plasma
k,p,g,c,b

A

K, Phos, Glu, CK, bicarb…

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17
Q

higher in plasma than whole blood
g

A

glucose

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18
Q

higher in capillary blood than venous blood
g/k

A

Glucose, K

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19
Q

higher in venous blood than capillary blood
c/t

A

Ca, TP

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20
Q

higher in RBCs than plasma
k,p,m

A

K, Phos, Mg

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21
Q

higher in plasma than RBCs
n
c

A

Na, Chloride

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22
Q

Spectrophotometry principle simplified

A

chemical rxn produces color, absorbs light at a specific wavelength, amount of light prop to concentration

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23
Q

one of the most common methods, used for many routine chem assays

A

spectrophotometer

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24
Q

Atomic absorption spectro principle simplified

A

measures light absorbed by ground state atoms

has flame chamber/hollow cathode lamp

trace metals

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25
Q

Flourometry principle simplified

A

atoms absorb light at certain wavelengths and emit them longer with lower energy

90 degree light source

drugs and hormones

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26
Q

Chemiluminescence principle simlified
produces….
o of?
doesnt require?
extremely?
used in?

A

chem rxn produces light, oxidation of luminol, acridinum, esters or diox.

doesnt require exitation, extremely sensitive, immunoassays

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27
Q

Turbidimetry principle

A

measures reduced light transmission by suspension

protein meaurement in Urine/CSF

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28
Q

Nephelometry principle

A

light measured at angle from source

ag-ab rxns

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29
Q

wavelength 350-430

A

violet absorbed

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30
Q

wl 670-700

A

red absorbed

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31
Q

wl 505-555

A

green light absorbed

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32
Q

wavelength 220-380

UV/near

light source?

A

deuterium

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33
Q

wavelength 380-750

visible

light source?

A

tungstein

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34
Q

wl 750-2000

infrared

light source?

A

tungsten

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35
Q

TLC

A

thin layer chromatography

used for drugs of abuse in urine

Rf value (distance traveled by compound and solvent)

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36
Q

HPLC

A

high preformance liquid chrom

separates thermolabile compoinds

peak height ratio

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37
Q

GC

A

gas chromatography

sep volitle compounds, theraputic and toxic drugs

retention times

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38
Q

Ion selective electrodes

A

diff between 2 electrodes = conc of analyte

pH, Pco2, Po2…etc

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39
Q

osmometry

A

of dissolved particles in a solution, based on freezing point depression

serum and urine osmos

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40
Q

electrophoresis

A

sep of charged particles in electric field, anions move towards postive (anode)

cathodes move toward cations

hgb/serum protein

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41
Q

Glucose increased

A

hyperglycemia

diabetes mellitus, acute stress, pancreatitis

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42
Q

glucose decreased

A

hypoglycemia
insulnoma, hypopituitarism

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43
Q

Total Cholesterol

A

limited in predicting CAD, used with HDL/LDL

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44
Q

HDL

A

inversely related to CAD

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45
Q

LDL
what formula

A

risk factor for CAD

friedwald formula

46
Q

Triglycerides

A

risk for CAD, lipid storage

47
Q

Increased Total Protein
d/c/mm

A

dehydration, chronic inflammation, MM

48
Q

Decreased Total Protein
what method?
what rgnt?

A

nephrotic syndrom, malabsorption, malnutrition..etc

biuret method, alk copper rgnt

49
Q

Increased albumin

A

dehydration

50
Q

decreased albumin
m
l
n
c

A

malnutrition, liver diease, neph syndrom, chronic infalm

51
Q

Increased microalbumin

A

in diabetics at risk of nephropathy

52
Q

insulin

A

decreases glucose levels

respon for entry of glucose into cells, inc glycogenesis

53
Q

Glucagon

A

increased glucose

stim glycogen/glucogen

inhibits glycolysis

54
Q

cortisol and glucose

A

insulin agonist, increases gluconeogenesis

55
Q

epinephrine and glucose

A

promotes glycogenolysis/gluconeogeneisis

56
Q

GH and glucose

A

insulin agonist

57
Q

Thyroxine and glucose

A

inc glucose abs from GI, glycogenolysis

58
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

insulin dependent
autoimmune destruction of Beta cells

before 25

59
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance
secretory defect of beta cells
obesity

most common type
not prone to ketoacidis

60
Q

GDM
gestational diabetes

A

placental lactogen inhibits action of insulin

latter half of preg, neonatal complications

61
Q

random plasma glucose

A

no prep, used for pts with symptoms of hyperglycemia

62
Q

fasting plasma glucose

63
Q

2hr plasma glucose

A

75g glucose load

64
Q

oral glucose tolerance test

A

8hr fast, 74g glucose load

gestational diabetes mellitus

65
Q

Hgb A1C

A

No fasting, 2-3 month glucose control

66
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

risk factors that promote atherosclerotic CVD and type 2 diabetes

INC LDL
Bp
blood glucose

67
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

def of enzyme that conv phenyalanine to tyrosine.

Phenylpyruvic acid in blood and urine

mental retardation, MOUSY Odor

68
Q

Tyrosinemia

A

disorder of tyrosine catabolism. tyrosine and metabolites exc in urine

liver/kidney disease and death

69
Q

Alkaptonuria

A

def of enzym needed in met of tyrosine/phenylananine

Increased homogentisic acid

diapers stain black, death

70
Q

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)

A

enzyme def - build up of leucine, isoleucine and valine

faluire to thrive/mental/death

71
Q

Homocytinuria
def metabolism of?
increased?
o/t

A

def in metabolism of methionine, methionine and homocytine buildup

osteoporosis, metnal, thromoemboli events

72
Q

cystinuria

A

inc cystine excretion due to def renal reabsorbtion

kidney stones

73
Q

protein electrophoresis support medium

pH

A

cellulose acetate or agarose

pH 8.6 (neg charge move towards anode)

74
Q

BUN increased
Decreased

A

increased in kidney disease

decreased overhydration/liver disease

75
Q

Creatinine increased
what rxn?

A

kidney disease

Jaffe rxn

76
Q

Uric acid Increased

A

gout, renal failure, high nucleoprotein diet, leumemia

renal calculi/joint

77
Q

Decreased Uric Acid

A

admin of ACTH, renal tubular defects

78
Q

increased Ammonia
l/h
what syndrome?

A

liver disease, hepatic coma, renal failure
REYES SYNDROME

chill immediately

79
Q

Inc Na

A

hypernatremia, hyperaldosterism, burns, diabetes insipidus, sweating

80
Q

hyponatremia

A

renal loss, vomiting, increased fluid volume

81
Q

ACP
acid phosphatase

A

prostate tissues
increased in cancer
PSA most specific

82
Q

ALP

A

increase in liver/bone disease
increased preg woman and children

83
Q

AST

A

high in liver, heart and skeletal
liver disease, AMI

84
Q

ALT

A

liver, RBCs increase liver disease
more specific than AST

85
Q

GGT

A

most senst enzyme for all types of liver disease, highest in obstructive disorders

86
Q

LD

A

increased w AMI, pernicious anermia

87
Q

CK

A

increase w AMI, muscular dystrophy

88
Q

AMS amylase

A

increase in acute pancreatitis, mumps

89
Q

G6PD

A

rbcs, def can lead to drug induced hemolytic anemia

90
Q

BNP

A

heart failure

91
Q

cCRP

A

assess risk of CAD, non specific

92
Q

ACTH

A

increased cushings disease

93
Q

FSH

A

sperm and egg production, increase before ovulation

94
Q

LH

A

maturation of follicles, estrogen, testosterone, increased before ovulation

95
Q

Prolactin

96
Q

TSH increased

A

hypothyrodism

97
Q

ADH

A

reabs of water in distal tubules, decreased in diabetes insipidus

98
Q

Aldosterone

A

reab of Na in renal tubes
increase hypertension

dec = water/electro abnormalities

99
Q

Cortisol decreased

A

addisons disease

100
Q

HPL human placental lactogen

A

assesses placental function, dev of mammary glands

101
Q

AFP

A

fetal liver, reexpressed in tumors, hepatitis and pregnancy

102
Q

CA 15-3

A

breast cancer

103
Q

CA 19-9

A

Pancreatic

104
Q

CA 125

A

ovarian cancer

105
Q

CEA

A

colorectal cancer, fetal antigen

106
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

dec pH
inc Pco2
nrom HCO3

kidneys exc H+

107
Q

Met acidosis

A

dec pH
norm Pco2
dec HCO3

hyperventilation

108
Q

Resp alk

A

inc ph
dec pco2
norm hco3

kindey exc HCO3

109
Q

met alk

A

inc pH
norm pco2
inc HCO3

hypoventilation

110
Q

A/G ratio

A

reversed with MM/liver disease

111
Q

Creatinine clearance
decreased

A

in renal disease early indicator

BOC Study Cards (From success book/Polansky) (9 decks)

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