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BOC Study Cards (From success book/Polansky) > Immunology Polansky Review > Flashcards

Immunology Polansky Review Flashcards

1
Q

Acute Phase Reactants

A

proteins that increase due to infection, injury, trauma (CRP/A1-antitrypsin, fibrinogen..etc)

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2
Q

Alloantibody

A

ab formed in response to antigen from individuals of the same species

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3
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

foreign substance that stimulates ab production. Large complax molcules usally a protein or polysaccharide

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4
Q

Ab (antibody)

A

ig produced by plasma cells in response to Ag

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5
Q

avidity

A

strength of bond between ag and ab

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6
Q

chemokines

A

cytokines that attract cells to a site, important in inflammatory response

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7
Q

CD (cluster of differentiation)

A

antigenic features of leukocytes

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8
Q

cytokines

A

chemicals produced by activated immune cells that affect other cells, interferons, TNF, TGF..etc

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9
Q

epitope

A

determinant site on ag

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10
Q

Hapten

A

LMW substance that can bind to ab, incapable of immune response unless bound to larger molecule

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11
Q

histamine

A

vasoactive amine from mast cells and basophils in allergic rxn

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12
Q

hypersensitivity

A

heightened immune response with tissue damage

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13
Q

inflammation

A

cellular and humoral mechanisms involed in relation to injury or infection

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14
Q

interferons

A

cytokines with antiviral properties, active against certain tumors and inflammation

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15
Q

interleukins

A

cytokines produced by leukocytes that affect inflammatory response through increase in soluble factors

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16
Q

ligand

A

molecule that binds to another molecule or complementary configuratgion, substance being measured in an immunoassay

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17
Q

Lysozyme

A

enzyme in tears/saliva that attacks cell walls of microorganism

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18
Q

MHC

A

genes that control expression of MHC found on all nucleated cells, used to be HLA

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19
Q

monoclonal ab

A

ab derived from single B clone

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20
Q

opsonin

A

serum proteins that attach to foreign substance and enhance phagocytosis

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21
Q

polyclonal ab

A

ab produced by many b cell clones

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22
Q

postzone

A

reduced complexes due to AG access, false neg in tests for ab, repeat in 1-2 weks

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23
Q

prozone

A

ab excess, false neg tests for ab, dilute and retest

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24
Q

seroconversion

A

change of sero test from neg to pos due to development of detectable ab

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25
Q

serum sickness

A

Type III hypersensitivity rxn from build up of ab to animal serum used in passive immunization

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26
Q

thymus

A

found in throax, t lymph development, primary lymph organ

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27
Q

titer

A

ab concentration, reciprocal of highest dilution with positive rxn

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28
Q

zone of equivalence

A

when # of multivalent sites of ab and ag are equal, results in optimal precipitation

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29
Q

Cellular immune system

A

cell mediated

defence against virus, mycobact, intracellular path/tumors

T cells and macrophages

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30
Q

examples of cellular immune system

A

graft vs host, hypersensitivty, tumors

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31
Q

Humoral immune system

A

antibody mediated

defense against bacteria (extracellular)

B lymphs and plasma

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32
Q

Humoral immune system examples

A

ab production

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33
Q

Natural/innate immune system components

A

neuts, macros, APR, complement

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34
Q

aquired immune system components

A

t/b cells, plasma cells, ab, cytokines

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35
Q

natural acquired active immunity

A

individual infected with microorganism produces ab

infections

specific, not immediate, long term

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36
Q

artificial acquired active immunity

A

vaccine exposure to ag

DTaP

speciifc, not immediate, life long

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37
Q

natural aquired passive immunity

A

individual protected by ab produced by another person

maternal ab that cross placenta, breast milk

specific, immediate, not life long

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38
Q

artifical aquired passive immunity

A

individual recieves ig containing abs produced by another person

HBIG,

specific, immediate, not long term

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39
Q

Eos

A

neutralize basos/mast cells
parasites, some phagocytic

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40
Q

Basos

A

hypersensitivty

histamine, heparin, eos chemotactic factor A

bind IgE

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41
Q

mast cells

A

hypersensitivity

connective tissue, more granules than basos, bind IgE

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42
Q

Macrophages

A

elim bacteria, parasites, tumors, secrete mediators, APC

activated by microorgn or cytokines from t lymphs

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43
Q

NK Cells

A

first line of defense against tumors and viruses, no T/B markers

bridge innate and adaptive

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44
Q

Th cells

A

activate other cells, cell mediated immunity

CD4+, low in AIDS

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45
Q

Tc cells

A

supressor cells inhibit Th cells
cytotoxic kill others

CD8+
low in AIDS

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46
Q

CD4/CD8 ratio

A

2:1

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47
Q

Tr cells

A

supress immune response to self

CD4 CD25

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48
Q

B lymphs

A

transform to plasma and memory after stimulation

have surface Igs that act as receptors

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49
Q

plasma cells

A

ab production, in peripheral lymph organs, non dividing
die in a few days

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50
Q

Memory cells

A

respond to ag when stim again with increased activty

peripheral lymph organs, live months to years

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51
Q

secondary lymph organs

A

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsill, appendix, CALT, MALT (peyers patches)

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52
Q

ID of lymphs

A

flow cytomoetry

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53
Q

Common T cell ag tested in flow

A

CD2, CD3, CD4, CD7, CD8

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54
Q

common B cell ag tested in flow

A

CD19, CD20, CD22 surface Ig

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55
Q

basic Ig structure

A

2 H chains 2 L chains, held by disulfide bonds

56
Q

Heavy chains

A

gamma, alpha, delta…etc

determine class (IgG, IgM)

2 H chains in Ig always the same

57
Q

L chains

A

K or L, found in all classes of Igs but only 1 type per molecule

Free L chains are bence jones proteins

58
Q

Fab fragment

A

fragment antigen binding

1 L chain and 1/2 H chain, bind ag (2 per ig)

59
Q

Fc fragment

A

fragment crystaliable

carboxy-term have of 2 H chains, role in opsonization and complement

60
Q

constant region

A

carboxy term ends of H/L chains where amino acid sequence for all chains is the same for that type

61
Q

variable region

A

amino acid sequence varies, antigen recognition unit, responsible for Ig specificity

62
Q

Hinge region

A

flexible portion between 1/2nd constant regions, allows molecule to bend so that 2 ag binding sites can operate independently

63
Q

joining chain

A

glycoprotein that links Ig monomers in IgM and secretory IgA

64
Q

IgG role
defense against
neutralizes…
what kind of rxns?

A

defense against bacteria/virus

neutralizes toxins, opson, passive immune in newborns

precipitation

65
Q

IgM role

A

neutralizes toxins, opsonin

first ig produced, ONLY IG PRODUCED IN NEW BORNS

most eff at complement

66
Q

IgA role

A

1st line of defense, mucosal surfaces, prevents bacterial adherence

tears, sweat saliva, breast milk

67
Q

IgD role

A

b cell maturation, surface of b lymphs

68
Q

IgE role

A

allergic rxn, degranulation

type I hypersensitity rxn

69
Q

classical complement pathway

A

triggered by ag/ab rxn. IgM most eff.

C1 first to bind
activation C4, C2, C3

70
Q

alternative complement pathway
activated by?

A

ab independent, act by bacteria, fungi, tumors..etc

71
Q

Lectin pathway
non….
def

A

ab independent, MBL mannose binding lectin, nonspecific region of sugars on microorgn, defence in infancy

72
Q

highest complement presence in plasma

A

C3

73
Q

Inactivation of complement

A

56 degrees c for 30 min

74
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

anaphlactic
IgE

release of mediators from basos/mast cells

immediate

anaphylaxis, hay fever, food allergies

75
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A

Cytotoxic

IgG/IgM complement cellular ag

cytolysis due to ab and complement

immediate

transfusion rxn, HDN, AHA

76
Q

Type III hypersensitivity

A

immune complex

ag-ab deposits

immediate

arthus rxn. serum sickness, SLE, RA

77
Q

Type IV hypersensitivty
dependent?
release?
d
types?

A

T cell dependent

relase cytokines

delayed

contact dermatitis, tuberculin skin test

78
Q

direct agglutination

A

natrually occuring ag on particles, agglutinate in pres of ab

typhoid fever, not common in US

79
Q

hemagglutination

A

ab-ag rxn that clumps rbcs,
abo slide test

80
Q

passive agglut

A

solube ags bound to particles, latex, agglut w ab,

RF or ANA

81
Q

reverse passive agglut
what is attached
what happens?
ID?

A

ab attach to carrier, agglut in pres of ag

rapid ID of bacteria

82
Q

agglut inhibition

A

competitive reagent and specimen, lack of agg is pos

detection of drugs

83
Q

hemagglut inhibit

A

dects abs to viruses that agg rbs,

rubella

84
Q

coaggluation
rgnt ab attached to….s

A

rgn ab attached to carrier bact (s. aureus most common) protein A binds fc portion

rapid id of bacteria

85
Q

antiglob mediated agglut

A

detect of nonagglut ab by coupling w 2nd ab

direct and indirect ag tests

86
Q

precipitation

A

soluble ag combines with soluble ab to produce visible complex

less sensitve

87
Q

ouchterloney double diffusion

A

ab/ag diffuse from wells in gel and form preciptin lines

fungal ag, nuclear ag

88
Q

radial immunodiffision (RID)
ag dif…..p…diameter?
low vol?

A

ag diff out of well in gel containing ab, precip ring, diameter prop to conc of ab

low vol IgD/IgG

89
Q

rocket immunoelectrophoresis

A

electrical charge added to RIF, migration into agar, rocket shaped band

Igs, complement, AFP

90
Q

immunoelectrophoresis IEP

A

proetins sep by electrophroresis, double idff

serum proteins , replaced by IFE

91
Q

immunofix electrophoresis

A

proteins sep by electroph, antiserum of gel, ab-ag complex precipitates

ID of monoclonal gam, bence jones, western blot addaptation

92
Q

nephlometry

A

light scatter ag-ab complex

ig complement CRP

93
Q

nonistopic

A

immuni assay that uses something else as label, enyzyme ex

94
Q

completitive

A

immunoassay in which pt ag and labeled rgnt ag compete for binding sites

95
Q

noncompetitive

A

no competition for binding sites, more sensitive than competitive

96
Q

heterogeneous immunoassay

A

separation step to remove free from bound analyte, more sensititve than homogenous

97
Q

homogenous immunoassay

A

doesnt require separation step, easier to automate

98
Q

EIA

A

any immunoassay that uses enzyme as label, substrate added to measure activity

99
Q

Direct EIA

A

1st type developed, competitive, all rct added at the same time

intitial ag-ab rxn has enzyme labeled rgnt

100
Q

indirect EIA

A

non competitive, enzyme labeled rgnt not apart of initial rxn

more sensitive, also known as ELISA

101
Q

solid phase

A

rgnt ag or ab bound to support medium, microtiter plts, cellulose membrane..etc

102
Q

EIA description

A

heterogenous, competitive direct

103
Q

ELISA description

A

heterogenous, noncompetitive, indirect

104
Q

Rapid ELISA

A

membrane based, usually qualitiative, built in control

105
Q

EMIT

A

homogenous, LMW analytes

106
Q

DFA direct flourescnet antibody

A

glass slide, flourescnem , bacterial or viral ags

107
Q

infirect flourescnet ab (IFA)

A

glass slide pt serum, sandwich techniquue, ab in serum

FANA, FTA

108
Q

fluorsc polarization immunoassay (FPIA)

A

labeled ag competes w ab for sites, competitive homogenous automates

theraputic drugs/hormones

109
Q

VDRL

A

flocculation

detects reagin

cardiolipin

microclumps
serum/csf

110
Q

RPR

A

flocculation
reagin
charcoal
MACROAGGLUT

serum/plasma

screening/treatment

111
Q

FTA-ABS

A

Ab to t. pallidum

sorbent, flourescence

112
Q

TP-PA

A

ab to t pallidum

colored gelatin particles, agglutination, not as sensitive in primary syhpilis

113
Q

ELISA for syphilis

A

high sensitivity in primary syphillis decreases in later stages

114
Q

RPR +
FTA +

A

pos for syphillis

115
Q

RPR +
FTA =

A

neg for syphillis

116
Q

ELISA +
RPR +

A

pos for syphillis

117
Q

ELISA +
RPR =
FTA-ABS

A

late, latent or previous syphillis

118
Q

ASO

A

GAS, Rheumatic fever

nephlemotry

119
Q

Anti-DNase B

A

GAS, glomerulonephritis, impetigo

EIA, neph

highly speciifc, may be pos when ASO neg

120
Q

streptozyme

A

GAS

slide agglut
more false pos and false neg

121
Q

IM (infectious mononucleosis) sero tests

A

Heterophile ab, 90% of pts develope

EBV specific antibodies

122
Q

total anti-HAV

A

past infection and immunity

123
Q

HAV RNA

A

current infection to detect in food and water

124
Q

HBsAG

A

cute or chronic, first marker to appear, screen donor blood

125
Q

HBeAg

A

acute or chronic indicated high degree of infectivity

126
Q

total- anti hbc

A

current,past or carrier

predom IgG persists for life

127
Q

IgM anti-Hbc

A

1st ab to appear, detetcs window period, screen donor blood

128
Q

Anti-hbe

A

recovery, reduced infectivity

129
Q

Anti-Hbs

A

recovery/immunity, ab that develops following immunization

130
Q

HIV markers

A

Viral RNA detectable within days

p24 ag core coat for nucleic acids

IgM
IgG

131
Q

HIV confirmatory tests

A

Western blot
IFA
NAAT

132
Q

tests to stage/monitor HIV

A

CD4 tcell count, # declines with disease

HIV-1 viral load, determine when to start antiretroviral therapy

133
Q

screening tests for SLE

A

FANA, high sensitivty most test pos, low specificity

EIA-ANA not as sensitivty/specific
easier less expensive

134
Q

tests for ANA

A

anti-dsDNA low sensitivty for SLE, high specificity

Anti-sm speckled pattern

antihistone/ENA

135
Q

serologic tests for RA

A

RF, autoab IgM against IgG, not specific

Anti-CCP more specific for RA more severe form

BOC Study Cards (From success book/Polansky) (6 decks)

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