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Pediatrics 👶🏻💕 > Pneumonia 💕 > Flashcards

Pneumonia 💕 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of lung parenchyma due to infection.

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2
Q

Main Causes of Pneumonia

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, parasites.

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3
Q
  1. Bacterial Pneumonia Pathogens in Newborns
A

Group B Streptococcus, Listeria, E. coli.

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4
Q

Main Viral Pathogen in Newborns

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).

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5
Q

Main Bacterial Causes in Infants (1-3 months)

A

S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae.

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6
Q

Common Cause in Children (3mo-4yrs)

A

Viruses, mainly RSV.

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7
Q

Most Common Bacterial Cause in 3mo-4yrs
.

A

S. pneumoniae

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8
Q

Main Pathogens in School-Aged Children

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae.

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9
Q

Clinical Symptoms of Pneumonia
.

A

Cough, fever, respiratory distress

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10
Q
  1. Sensitive Sign in Pneumonia
    .
A

Tachypnea

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11
Q

Specific Sign in Chest Radiograph
Retractions and grunting linked to

A

alveolar infiltrates.

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12
Q
  1. Common Physical Findings
A

Crackles, bronchial breathing, hypoxemia.

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13
Q
  1. WHO Tachypnea Criteria (<2 months)
A

≥60 breaths/min.

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14
Q

WHO Tachypnea Criteria (2-12 months)

A

≥50 breaths/min.

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15
Q

WHO Tachypnea Criteria (1-5 years)
.

A

≥40 breaths/min

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16
Q

Laboratory Test for Differentiation

A

WBC count (>15,000 indicates bacterial).

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17
Q

Best Diagnostic for Viral Infections

A

Detection of viral genome/antigen in respiratory secretions.

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18
Q

Confirming Bacterial Pneumonia

A

Isolate organism from blood or pleural fluid.

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19
Q

Empiric Treatment in Hospitalized Children depends on

A

Depends on penicillin resistance and vaccination status.

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20
Q
  1. Antibiotics for School-Aged Children with Mycoplasma Suspected
A

Macrolide antibiotic.

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21
Q

Antibiotics for Neonates with CAP
.

A

IV ampicillin and gentamicin

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22
Q

Duration of Antibiotic Treatment

A

Until afebrile for 72 hours, typically 7-10 days.

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23
Q
  1. Complications of Pneumonia
A

Pleural effusion, empyema, necrotizing pneumonia.

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24
Q

Definition of Necrotizing Pneumonia

A

Necrosis and liquefaction of lung tissue.

25
Q

Main Pathogens in Necrotizing Pneumonia

A

S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, Pseudomonas.

26
Q

Pleural Effusion Cause

A

Increased permeability and fluid accumulation in pleura.

27
Q

Empyema Cause

A

Bacteria entering pleural space.

28
Q

Pleural Effusion Physical Signs

A

Dullness to percussion, reduced air entry.

29
Q

Common Pathogens in Lung Abscess

A

S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa.

30
Q

Initial Symptoms of Lung Abscess

A

Similar to CAP, fever, and cough.

31
Q

Main Treatment for Lung Abscess

A

Parenteral antibiotic for 4-6 weeks.

32
Q

Differentiation Between Viral Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia

A

Based on clinical and radiological findings.

33
Q

Indication for Hospital Admission (<6 months)

A

Age under 6 months.

Hypoxemia
Oxygen saturation <90%.
42. Social Factor for Admission
Inability of caregivers to manage at home.

34
Q

Fluid Monitoring Reason in Pneumonia

A

Risk of hyponatremia due to SIADH.

35
Q

Oxygen Saturation Goal for Treatment

A

Above 92%.

36
Q

Role of Nasogastric Tube Feeding
Weigh benefits

A

against respiratory distress risk.

37
Q

When Blood Cultures Are Recommended

A

In severe cases or lack of improvement.

38
Q

Role of PCR Testing

A

Helpful in viral etiologies.

39
Q

Preventive Hygiene Measures

A

Handwashing and contact isolation.

40
Q

Annual Vaccine Recommendation

A

Influenza vaccine for children >6 months.

41
Q

Risk Factors for Severe Influenza

A

Young age, chronic conditions, immunosuppression.

42
Q

Outpatient Management for Mild CAP

A

Re-evaluate within 48 hours.

43
Q

Radiographic Resolution in Slowly Resolving Pneumonia

A

May take 3-7 weeks.

44
Q

Definition of Recurrent Pneumonia

A

2+ episodes in a year or 3+ overall.

45
Q

Common Cause of Slowly Resolving Pneumonia

A

Complications like empyema.

46
Q

Main Bacteria in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

A

S. pneumoniae.

47
Q

Chlamydia as a Cause in Young Infants

A

Often after perinatal transmission.

48
Q

Hemolytic Anemia Associated With
Atypical pathogens

A

like Mycoplasma.

49
Q

Difference Between Bronchopneumonia and Lobar Pneumonia

A

Bronchopneumonia is usually viral; lobar is bacterial.

50
Q

Common Cause of Abdominal Pain in Pneumonia

A

Lower lobe pneumonia in children.

51
Q

Common Presenting Symptom

A

Cough, productive or non-productive.

52
Q

Radiographic Sign of Necrotizing Pneumonia

A

Radiolucent foci, sometimes multilobar.

53
Q

Morbidity Higher in Which Population

A

Premature infants and those with lung disease.

54
Q

Prognosis of Viral Pneumonia

A

Usually good without treatment.

55
Q

Main Differentiating Feature of Lung Abscess

A

Progresses indolently compared to CAP.

56
Q

Common Bacteria in Empyema
Often caused by

A

S. pneumoniae or S. aureus.

57
Q

Common Bacteria in Empyema
Often caused by

A

S. pneumoniae or S. aureus.

58
Q

Fever Degree for Bacterial Pneumonia

A

Often higher than 38.4°C.

59
Q

Indication of Alveolar Infiltrates

A

Chest radiograph with retraction and grunting.

Pediatrics 👶🏻💕 (11 decks)

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