Pneumonia 💕

Question 1

Definition of Pneumonia

Answer 1

Inflammation of lung parenchyma due to infection.

Question 2

Main Causes of Pneumonia

Answer 2

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, parasites.

Question 3

6. Bacterial Pneumonia Pathogens in Newborns

Answer 3

Group B Streptococcus, Listeria, E. coli.

Question 4

Main Viral Pathogen in Newborns

Answer 4

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).

Question 5

Main Bacterial Causes in Infants (1-3 months)

Answer 5

S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae.

Question 6

Common Cause in Children (3mo-4yrs)

Answer 6

Viruses, mainly RSV.

Question 7

Most Common Bacterial Cause in 3mo-4yrs
.

Answer 7

S. pneumoniae

Question 8

Main Pathogens in School-Aged Children

Answer 8

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae.

Question 9

Clinical Symptoms of Pneumonia
.

Answer 9

Cough, fever, respiratory distress

Question 10

14. Sensitive Sign in Pneumonia
    .

Answer 10

Tachypnea

Question 11

Specific Sign in Chest Radiograph
Retractions and grunting linked to

Answer 11

alveolar infiltrates.

Question 12

16. Common Physical Findings

Answer 12

Crackles, bronchial breathing, hypoxemia.

Question 13

17. WHO Tachypnea Criteria (<2 months)

Answer 13

≥60 breaths/min.

Question 14

WHO Tachypnea Criteria (2-12 months)

Answer 14

≥50 breaths/min.

Question 15

WHO Tachypnea Criteria (1-5 years)
.

Answer 15

≥40 breaths/min

Question 16

Laboratory Test for Differentiation

Answer 16

WBC count (>15,000 indicates bacterial).

Question 17

Best Diagnostic for Viral Infections

Answer 17

Detection of viral genome/antigen in respiratory secretions.

Question 18

Confirming Bacterial Pneumonia

Answer 18

Isolate organism from blood or pleural fluid.

Question 19

Empiric Treatment in Hospitalized Children depends on

Answer 19

Depends on penicillin resistance and vaccination status.

Question 20

27. Antibiotics for School-Aged Children with Mycoplasma Suspected

Answer 20

Macrolide antibiotic.

Question 21

Antibiotics for Neonates with CAP
.

Answer 21

IV ampicillin and gentamicin

Question 22

Duration of Antibiotic Treatment

Answer 22

Until afebrile for 72 hours, typically 7-10 days.

Question 23

30. Complications of Pneumonia

Answer 23

Pleural effusion, empyema, necrotizing pneumonia.

Question 24

Definition of Necrotizing Pneumonia

Answer 24

Necrosis and liquefaction of lung tissue.

Question 25

Main Pathogens in Necrotizing Pneumonia

Answer 25

S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, Pseudomonas.

Question 26

Pleural Effusion Cause

Answer 26

Increased permeability and fluid accumulation in pleura.

Question 27

Empyema Cause

Answer 27

Bacteria entering pleural space.

Question 28

Pleural Effusion Physical Signs

Answer 28

Dullness to percussion, reduced air entry.

Question 29

Common Pathogens in Lung Abscess

Answer 29

S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa.

Question 30

Initial Symptoms of Lung Abscess

Answer 30

Similar to CAP, fever, and cough.

Question 31

Main Treatment for Lung Abscess

Answer 31

Parenteral antibiotic for 4-6 weeks.

Question 32

Differentiation Between Viral Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia

Answer 32

Based on clinical and radiological findings.

Question 33

Indication for Hospital Admission (<6 months)

Answer 33

Age under 6 months. Hypoxemia Oxygen saturation <90%. 42. Social Factor for Admission Inability of caregivers to manage at home.

Question 34

Fluid Monitoring Reason in Pneumonia

Answer 34

Risk of hyponatremia due to SIADH.

Question 35

Oxygen Saturation Goal for Treatment

Answer 35

Above 92%.

Question 36

Role of Nasogastric Tube Feeding Weigh benefits

Answer 36

against respiratory distress risk.

Question 37

When Blood Cultures Are Recommended

Answer 37

In severe cases or lack of improvement.

Question 38

Role of PCR Testing

Answer 38

Helpful in viral etiologies.

Question 39

Preventive Hygiene Measures

Answer 39

Handwashing and contact isolation.

Question 40

Annual Vaccine Recommendation

Answer 40

Influenza vaccine for children >6 months.

Question 41

Risk Factors for Severe Influenza

Answer 41

Young age, chronic conditions, immunosuppression.

Question 42

Outpatient Management for Mild CAP

Answer 42

Re-evaluate within 48 hours.

Question 43

Radiographic Resolution in Slowly Resolving Pneumonia

Answer 43

May take 3-7 weeks.

Question 44

Definition of Recurrent Pneumonia

Answer 44

2+ episodes in a year or 3+ overall.

Question 45

Common Cause of Slowly Resolving Pneumonia

Answer 45

Complications like empyema.

Question 46

Main Bacteria in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Answer 46

S. pneumoniae.

Question 47

Chlamydia as a Cause in Young Infants

Answer 47

Often after perinatal transmission.

Question 48

Hemolytic Anemia Associated With Atypical pathogens

Answer 48

like Mycoplasma.

Question 49

Difference Between Bronchopneumonia and Lobar Pneumonia

Answer 49

Bronchopneumonia is usually viral; lobar is bacterial.

Question 50

Common Cause of Abdominal Pain in Pneumonia

Answer 50

Lower lobe pneumonia in children.

Question 51

Common Presenting Symptom

Answer 51

Cough, productive or non-productive.

Question 52

Radiographic Sign of Necrotizing Pneumonia

Answer 52

Radiolucent foci, sometimes multilobar.

Question 53

Morbidity Higher in Which Population

Answer 53

Premature infants and those with lung disease.

Question 54

Prognosis of Viral Pneumonia

Answer 54

Usually good without treatment.

Question 55

Main Differentiating Feature of Lung Abscess

Answer 55

Progresses indolently compared to CAP.

Question 56

Common Bacteria in Empyema Often caused by

Answer 56

S. pneumoniae or S. aureus.

Question 57

Common Bacteria in Empyema Often caused by

Answer 57

S. pneumoniae or S. aureus.

Question 58

Fever Degree for Bacterial Pneumonia

Answer 58

Often higher than 38.4°C.

Question 59

Indication of Alveolar Infiltrates

Answer 59

Chest radiograph with retraction and grunting.