Pneumonia 💕 Flashcards
Definition of Pneumonia
Inflammation of lung parenchyma due to infection.
Main Causes of Pneumonia
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, parasites.
- Bacterial Pneumonia Pathogens in Newborns
Group B Streptococcus, Listeria, E. coli.
Main Viral Pathogen in Newborns
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
Main Bacterial Causes in Infants (1-3 months)
S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae.
Common Cause in Children (3mo-4yrs)
Viruses, mainly RSV.
Most Common Bacterial Cause in 3mo-4yrs
.
S. pneumoniae
Main Pathogens in School-Aged Children
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae.
Clinical Symptoms of Pneumonia
.
Cough, fever, respiratory distress
- Sensitive Sign in Pneumonia
.
Tachypnea
Specific Sign in Chest Radiograph
Retractions and grunting linked to
alveolar infiltrates.
- Common Physical Findings
Crackles, bronchial breathing, hypoxemia.
- WHO Tachypnea Criteria (<2 months)
≥60 breaths/min.
WHO Tachypnea Criteria (2-12 months)
≥50 breaths/min.
WHO Tachypnea Criteria (1-5 years)
.
≥40 breaths/min
Laboratory Test for Differentiation
WBC count (>15,000 indicates bacterial).
Best Diagnostic for Viral Infections
Detection of viral genome/antigen in respiratory secretions.
Confirming Bacterial Pneumonia
Isolate organism from blood or pleural fluid.
Empiric Treatment in Hospitalized Children depends on
Depends on penicillin resistance and vaccination status.
- Antibiotics for School-Aged Children with Mycoplasma Suspected
Macrolide antibiotic.
Antibiotics for Neonates with CAP
.
IV ampicillin and gentamicin
Duration of Antibiotic Treatment
Until afebrile for 72 hours, typically 7-10 days.
- Complications of Pneumonia
Pleural effusion, empyema, necrotizing pneumonia.
Definition of Necrotizing Pneumonia
Necrosis and liquefaction of lung tissue.
Main Pathogens in Necrotizing Pneumonia
S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, Pseudomonas.
Pleural Effusion Cause
Increased permeability and fluid accumulation in pleura.
Empyema Cause
Bacteria entering pleural space.
Pleural Effusion Physical Signs
Dullness to percussion, reduced air entry.
Common Pathogens in Lung Abscess
S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa.
Initial Symptoms of Lung Abscess
Similar to CAP, fever, and cough.
Main Treatment for Lung Abscess
Parenteral antibiotic for 4-6 weeks.
Differentiation Between Viral Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia
Based on clinical and radiological findings.
Indication for Hospital Admission (<6 months)
Age under 6 months.
Hypoxemia
Oxygen saturation <90%.
42. Social Factor for Admission
Inability of caregivers to manage at home.
Fluid Monitoring Reason in Pneumonia
Risk of hyponatremia due to SIADH.
Oxygen Saturation Goal for Treatment
Above 92%.
Role of Nasogastric Tube Feeding
Weigh benefits
against respiratory distress risk.
When Blood Cultures Are Recommended
In severe cases or lack of improvement.
Role of PCR Testing
Helpful in viral etiologies.
Preventive Hygiene Measures
Handwashing and contact isolation.
Annual Vaccine Recommendation
Influenza vaccine for children >6 months.
Risk Factors for Severe Influenza
Young age, chronic conditions, immunosuppression.
Outpatient Management for Mild CAP
Re-evaluate within 48 hours.
Radiographic Resolution in Slowly Resolving Pneumonia
May take 3-7 weeks.
Definition of Recurrent Pneumonia
2+ episodes in a year or 3+ overall.
Common Cause of Slowly Resolving Pneumonia
Complications like empyema.
Main Bacteria in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
S. pneumoniae.
Chlamydia as a Cause in Young Infants
Often after perinatal transmission.
Hemolytic Anemia Associated With
Atypical pathogens
like Mycoplasma.
Difference Between Bronchopneumonia and Lobar Pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia is usually viral; lobar is bacterial.
Common Cause of Abdominal Pain in Pneumonia
Lower lobe pneumonia in children.
Common Presenting Symptom
Cough, productive or non-productive.
Radiographic Sign of Necrotizing Pneumonia
Radiolucent foci, sometimes multilobar.
Morbidity Higher in Which Population
Premature infants and those with lung disease.
Prognosis of Viral Pneumonia
Usually good without treatment.
Main Differentiating Feature of Lung Abscess
Progresses indolently compared to CAP.
Common Bacteria in Empyema
Often caused by
S. pneumoniae or S. aureus.
Common Bacteria in Empyema
Often caused by
S. pneumoniae or S. aureus.
Fever Degree for Bacterial Pneumonia
Often higher than 38.4°C.
Indication of Alveolar Infiltrates
Chest radiograph with retraction and grunting.
