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Pediatrics 👶🏻💕 > Hepatitis > Flashcards

Hepatitis Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is hepatitis?
A

• Hepatitis refers to liver inflammation.

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2
Q
  1. What are the two types of causes for acute hepatitis?
A

• Infectious and noninfectious.

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3
Q
  1. Which viruses are the primary hepatotropic viruses?
A

• Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G.

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4
Q
  1. What percentage of acute hepatitis cases have an unknown cause?
A

10-15

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5
Q
  1. What is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis?
A

• Hepatitis A virus (HAV).

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6
Q

What type of transmission spreads Hepatitis A virus?

•
A

Fecal-oral transmission.

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7
Q

Which hepatitis viruses can lead to chronic infections?

A

• Hepatitis B and C.

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8
Q

In which population is Hepatitis G virus prevalent?

•
A

HIV-infected persons.

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9
Q

What are common clinical symptoms of hepatitis?

A

• Jaundice, hepatomegaly, fever, icterus, lymphadenopathy.

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10
Q
  1. How does hepatitis present in young children?
A

• Often asymptomatic or mild illness.

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11
Q
  1. What is tender hepatomegaly a sign of in hepatitis?
A

• The icteric phase of the disease.

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12
Q
  1. What extrahepatic symptoms can be seen in hepatitis B and C?
A

• Arthralgia, arthritis, rash, thrombocytopenia.

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13
Q

What lab findings are typical in viral hepatitis?

A

• Elevated ALT and AST levels.

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14
Q

What does a decline in liver enzymes along with rising bilirubin indicate?

•
A

Severe hepatic injury.

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15
Q

What are typical lab findings in cholestasis?

A

• Elevated ALP, GGT, 5′-nucleotidase, and bilirubin.

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16
Q

How is liver synthetic function assessed?

A

• By PT/INR and albumin levels.

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17
Q

What other conditions must be considered in the differential diagnosis for hepatitis?

A

• Bacterial sepsis, metabolic disorders, autoimmune hepatitis, and toxins.

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18
Q

What type of virus is HAV?

A

• A single-stranded RNA virus from the Picornavirus family.

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19
Q

Where is HAV most prevalent? .

  1. How is HAV typically transmitted?
A

• Developing countries

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20
Q

How long is the incubation period for HAV?

A

• Approximately 3 weeks.

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21
Q

When is an HAV patient most contagious?

A

• 2 weeks before and 1 week after jaundice onset.

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22
Q

What are some common symptoms of HAV?

A

• Fever, nausea, vomiting, jaundice.

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23
Q

What are rare extra-hepatic complications of HAV?

A

• Lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, pancreatitis.

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24
Q

How is HAV diagnosed?

A

• Detection of Anti-HAV IgM for acute infection.

25
Q

What is the risk of acute liver failure with HAV?

A

• Less than 1%.

26
Q

What is the treatment for HAV?

A

• Supportive treatment, such as fluids and antipruritic agents.

27
Q

What is the primary method of HAV prevention?

A

• Vaccination and good hygiene practices.

28
Q

What type of virus is Hepatitis B?

A

• A double-stranded DNA virus from the Hepadnaviridae family.

29
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission for HBV in infants?

A

Perinatal exposure to an HBsAg-positive mother.

30
Q

What is the incubation period for HBV?

A

• 45-160 days, average 120 days.

31
Q

What is the first serologic marker of HBV infection?

A

• HBsAg.

32
Q

What defines chronic HBV infection?

A

• HBsAg persistence beyond 6 months.

33
Q

What serologic marker is used to indicate HBV recovery and protection?

A

• Anti-HBs.

34
Q

What is the treatment goal for chronic HBV infection?

A

• Reduce viral replication, target undetectable HBV DNA.

35
Q

What is a preventative measure for HBV?

.

A

• Hepatitis B vaccine

36
Q

What kind of virus is Hepatitis D?

•
A

A defective single-stranded RNA virus.

37
Q

What does HDV require for infection?

A

• Concurrent HBV infection.

38
Q

What is a common clinical manifestation of HDV?

A

• Severe acute hepatitis in coinfection, chronic in superinfection.

39
Q

How is HDV diagnosed?

A

• Detection of Anti-HDV IgM.

40
Q

What is the primary preventive measure for HDV?

A

• HBV immunization.

41
Q

What type of virus is HCV?

A

• A single-stranded RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family

42
Q

How is HDV diagnosed?

A

• Detection of Anti-HDV IgM.

43
Q

How is HDV prevented?

A

• HBV vaccination, as HDV cannot infect without HBV.

44
Q

What type of virus is HCV?

A

• Single-stranded RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family.

45
Q

What is the main risk of HCV?

A

• Chronic liver disease, with potential for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

46
Q

How is HCV commonly transmitted?

A

• Through blood exposure, such as transfusions or IV drug use.

47
Q

What percentage of HCV patients develop chronic infection?

A

• About 80%.

48
Q

What are common symptoms of chronic HCV?

A

• Fatigue, sometimes nausea, weight loss, and mild ALT elevation.

49
Q

What are common extrahepatic manifestations of HCV?

A

• Vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, mixed cryoglobulinemia.

50
Q

How is chronic HCV confirmed?

A

• Anti-HCV IgG and HCV-RNA PCR.

51
Q

What are common treatments for HCV?

A

• Antiviral drugs like ribavirin and interferons, based on genotype.

52
Q

What type of virus is HEV?

A

• Non-enveloped RNA virus with spikes.

53
Q

How is HEV transmitted?

A

• Fecal-oral, often through contaminated water.

54
Q

Who is most at risk of severe HEV complications?

A

• Pregnant women, especially in developing countries.

55
Q

What is the common age range affected by HEV?

A

• 15 to 34 years old.

56
Q

How is HEV diagnosed?

A

• Anti-HEV IgM by ELISA, or HEV RNA by PCR.

57
Q

What are prevention methods for HEV?

A

• Good sanitation and hygiene practices.

58
Q

What laboratory tests indicate cellular liver injury?

A

• Elevated ALT and AST

59
Q

What is a key imaging study for assessing hepatitis?

A

• Ultrasound, especially for liver size and structure.

Pediatrics 👶🏻💕 (10 decks)

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