Hepatitis Flashcards
- What is hepatitis?
• Hepatitis refers to liver inflammation.
- What are the two types of causes for acute hepatitis?
• Infectious and noninfectious.
- Which viruses are the primary hepatotropic viruses?
• Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G.
- What percentage of acute hepatitis cases have an unknown cause?
10-15
- What is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis?
• Hepatitis A virus (HAV).
What type of transmission spreads Hepatitis A virus?
•
Fecal-oral transmission.
Which hepatitis viruses can lead to chronic infections?
• Hepatitis B and C.
In which population is Hepatitis G virus prevalent?
•
HIV-infected persons.
What are common clinical symptoms of hepatitis?
• Jaundice, hepatomegaly, fever, icterus, lymphadenopathy.
- How does hepatitis present in young children?
• Often asymptomatic or mild illness.
- What is tender hepatomegaly a sign of in hepatitis?
• The icteric phase of the disease.
- What extrahepatic symptoms can be seen in hepatitis B and C?
• Arthralgia, arthritis, rash, thrombocytopenia.
What lab findings are typical in viral hepatitis?
• Elevated ALT and AST levels.
What does a decline in liver enzymes along with rising bilirubin indicate?
•
Severe hepatic injury.
What are typical lab findings in cholestasis?
• Elevated ALP, GGT, 5′-nucleotidase, and bilirubin.
How is liver synthetic function assessed?
• By PT/INR and albumin levels.
What other conditions must be considered in the differential diagnosis for hepatitis?
• Bacterial sepsis, metabolic disorders, autoimmune hepatitis, and toxins.
What type of virus is HAV?
• A single-stranded RNA virus from the Picornavirus family.
Where is HAV most prevalent? .
- How is HAV typically transmitted?
• Developing countries
How long is the incubation period for HAV?
• Approximately 3 weeks.
When is an HAV patient most contagious?
• 2 weeks before and 1 week after jaundice onset.
What are some common symptoms of HAV?
• Fever, nausea, vomiting, jaundice.
What are rare extra-hepatic complications of HAV?
• Lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, pancreatitis.
How is HAV diagnosed?
• Detection of Anti-HAV IgM for acute infection.
What is the risk of acute liver failure with HAV?
• Less than 1%.
What is the treatment for HAV?
• Supportive treatment, such as fluids and antipruritic agents.
What is the primary method of HAV prevention?
• Vaccination and good hygiene practices.
What type of virus is Hepatitis B?
• A double-stranded DNA virus from the Hepadnaviridae family.
What is the primary mode of transmission for HBV in infants?
Perinatal exposure to an HBsAg-positive mother.
What is the incubation period for HBV?
• 45-160 days, average 120 days.
What is the first serologic marker of HBV infection?
• HBsAg.
What defines chronic HBV infection?
• HBsAg persistence beyond 6 months.
What serologic marker is used to indicate HBV recovery and protection?
• Anti-HBs.
What is the treatment goal for chronic HBV infection?
• Reduce viral replication, target undetectable HBV DNA.
What is a preventative measure for HBV?
.
• Hepatitis B vaccine
What kind of virus is Hepatitis D?
•
A defective single-stranded RNA virus.
What does HDV require for infection?
• Concurrent HBV infection.
What is a common clinical manifestation of HDV?
• Severe acute hepatitis in coinfection, chronic in superinfection.
How is HDV diagnosed?
• Detection of Anti-HDV IgM.
What is the primary preventive measure for HDV?
• HBV immunization.
What type of virus is HCV?
• A single-stranded RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family
How is HDV diagnosed?
• Detection of Anti-HDV IgM.
How is HDV prevented?
• HBV vaccination, as HDV cannot infect without HBV.
What type of virus is HCV?
• Single-stranded RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family.
What is the main risk of HCV?
• Chronic liver disease, with potential for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
How is HCV commonly transmitted?
• Through blood exposure, such as transfusions or IV drug use.
What percentage of HCV patients develop chronic infection?
• About 80%.
What are common symptoms of chronic HCV?
• Fatigue, sometimes nausea, weight loss, and mild ALT elevation.
What are common extrahepatic manifestations of HCV?
• Vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, mixed cryoglobulinemia.
How is chronic HCV confirmed?
• Anti-HCV IgG and HCV-RNA PCR.
What are common treatments for HCV?
• Antiviral drugs like ribavirin and interferons, based on genotype.
What type of virus is HEV?
• Non-enveloped RNA virus with spikes.
How is HEV transmitted?
• Fecal-oral, often through contaminated water.
Who is most at risk of severe HEV complications?
• Pregnant women, especially in developing countries.
What is the common age range affected by HEV?
• 15 to 34 years old.
How is HEV diagnosed?
• Anti-HEV IgM by ELISA, or HEV RNA by PCR.
What are prevention methods for HEV?
• Good sanitation and hygiene practices.
What laboratory tests indicate cellular liver injury?
• Elevated ALT and AST
What is a key imaging study for assessing hepatitis?
• Ultrasound, especially for liver size and structure.
