Gerd Flashcards
- Q: What percentage of cases with Barrett’s esophagus are familial?
A: A significant portion is familial, though exact percentage varies.
Q: What is gastroesophageal reflux (GER)?
A: Passage of gastric contents into the esophagus with or without regurgitation or vomiting
Q: How is GERD different from GER?
A: GERD involves troublesome symptoms and/or complications of persistent GER, such as esophagitis or stricturing.
What is regurgitation?
A: Effortless movement of stomach contents into the esophagus and mouth.
Q: What percentage of infants under 3 months vomit daily?
A:.
50%
Q: At what age do GER symptoms peak in infants?
A: Around 4 months.
Q: By 12 months, what percentage of infants experience GER symptoms?
A: Only 5%.
Q: Describe the length of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in infants.
A: It is very short, less than 1
A: It is more superiorly located in infants than in adults.
What can cause GER in infants?
A: Transient relaxation of the LES and gastric distention from large volume feeds.
Q: What effect does delayed gastric emptying have on GER?
A: It increases the frequency of transient LES relaxations
What role do esophageal clearance and mucosal defense play in GERD?
A: They help prevent esophagitis.
Q: What percentage of pediatric Barrett’s esophagus cases progress to adenocarcinoma?
A: 1-3%.
Q: What percentage of pediatric Barrett’s esophagus cases progress to adenocarcinoma?
A: 1-3%.
Q: Can GERD cause asthma?
A: Yes, through aspiration and vagal-mediated bronchial spasm.
Q: Can asthma cause GERD?
A: Yes, through high negative intrathoracic pressure and LES relaxation.
Q: What rare syndrome is associated with GERD and an abnormal posture?
A: Sandifer syndrome
How does Sandifer syndrome respond to treatment?
A: It responds to acid suppression.
How is benign GER typically diagnosed in infants?
A: Through history and examination alone.
Name a condition associated with GERD and dental issues.
A: Dental erosion
What is the typical length range of the LES in adults?
A: 3-6 cm.
What happens to the LES location and length during the first year of life?
A: It lengthens and moves inferiorly
What is a significant risk factor for GERD in children?
A: Large volume feeds causing gastric distention.
Q: What is secondary GERD?
A: GERD that arises due to other underlying conditions.
Q: How often do infants by age 4 months experience GER symptoms?
A: Two-thirds of infants experience GER symptoms.
Q: What can be a physical complication of GER that characterizes GERD?
A: Esophageal stricturing
Name one rare complication of pediatric GERD.
A:
Barrett’s esophagus
Q: What symptom is commonly seen in Sandifer syndrome?
A: Opisthotonus positioning (arched back).
Which diagnostic group recommends the definition of GER as the passage of gastric contents into the esophagus?
A:
NASPGHAN (North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition).
Q: What role does esophageal clearance play in GERD?
A: It helps reduce esophagitis by clearing refluxed content
Q: What is the main difference in the LES between infants and adults?
A: In infants, the LES is shorter and located higher.
Q: What is the significance of mucosal defense in GER?
A: It protects the esophagus from acid damage.
Q: Why might certain drugs exacerbate GERD symptoms?
A: They can increase LES relaxation.
What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and what is its primary symptom?
A: A condition with excessive gastrin leading to peptic ulcers; it often presents with diarrhea.
