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Pediatrics 👶🏻💕 > Gi Bleeding > Flashcards

Gi Bleeding Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What are the symptoms of upper GI bleeding?

A

A: Hematemesis (vomiting blood) and melena (black, tar-like stool).

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2
Q

Q: What are the symptoms of lower GI bleeding?

A

A: Hematochezia (passing bright red blood or blood clots in stool).

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of GI bleeding in neonates for lower GI bleeding?

A
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4
Q

What condition in neonates is marked by abdominal distension, poor feeding, and bloody stool?

A

A: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), typically seen in premature infants.

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5
Q

Describe the presentation of malrotation with midgut volvulus in neonates.
A:

A

Sudden onset of melena, bilious emesis, and abdominal distension.

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6
Q

How can maternal blood ingestion cause GI bleeding in neonates?

A

A: Swallowed blood during birth or can appear in the stool or vomit.

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7
Q

What is stress gastritis in neonates, and how is it diagnosed?

A

A: Found in NICU patients, often diagnosed with upper endoscopy.

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8
Q

What deficiency causes hemorrhagic disease in newborns, leading to GI bleeding?

A

A: Vitamin K deficiency affecting clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.

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9
Q

What is the common cause of esophagitis in children aged 1 month to 1 year?

A

A: Gastroesophageal reflux or eosinophilic esophagitis.

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10
Q

What are the primary causes of gastritis in children?

A

A: Helicobacter pylori infection, NSAID use, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

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11
Q

What is intussusception, and how does it present in infants?

A

Bowel segment pulled into another; presents with cramping, sausage-shaped abdominal mass, and “currant jelly” stools.

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12
Q

Q: What is the preferred diagnostic tool for detecting intussusception?

A

A: Ultrasonography, showing target sign or pseudokidney sign.

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13
Q

How is milk protein allergy related to GI bleeding in infants?

A

A: Causes colitis with symptoms like diarrhea, weight loss, and bleeding.

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14
Q

What causes peptic ulcers in children and their main clinical presentation?

A

A: Caused by H. pylori infection or stress; presents with hematemesis, melena, and abdominal pain.

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15
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

A: Rare disorder with excessive gastric acid secretion due to a gastrinoma, leading to refractory peptic ulcers.

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16
Q

What are juvenile polyps and how do they present?

A

A: Benign growths in the colon causing painless rectal bleeding; diagnosed with colonoscopy.

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17
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

A: A congenital pouch in the ileum causing painless lower GI bleeding due to ectopic gastric tissue.

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18
Q

Q: What diagnostic test is used for Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

A: Technetium-99m pertechnetate scan (Meckel’s scan).

19
Q

What are esophageal varices, and what causes them?

A

A: Enlarged veins in the esophagus, often due to liver disease or portal vein thrombosis.

20
Q

What is the initial management approach for GI bleeding in children?

A

A: Stabilization with oxygen, IV access, fluid resuscitation, and addressing coagulopathies.

21
Q

Q: What is the clinical significance of the “corkscrew sign”?

A

A: It’s an imaging finding associated with midgut volvulus, visible on an upper GI contrast study

22
Q

How does maternal blood ingestion in neonates differ from fetal blood?

A

A: The Apt test distinguishes between maternal and fetal hemoglobin.

23
Q

What are the risks of mechanical ventilation in neonates regarding GI bleeding?

A

A: It increases the risk of stress gastritis, particularly in premature and distressed infants.

24
Q

How is vitamin K deficiency treated to stop hemorrhagic disease in newborns?

A

A: Administration of 1 mg vitamin K intravenously, stopping bleeding within 2 hours.

25
Q

What is eosinophilic esophagitis, and how is it treated?

A

A: An allergic condition causing esophagitis; treated with allergen elimination and specific medications.

26
Q

What are common symptoms of gastritis in children?

A

A: Abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss.

27
Q

How does Helicobacter pylori infection in children often spread?

A

A: Through horizontal transmission, sometimes through breastfeeding if the mother is infected.

28
Q

What is the role of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in gastritis treatment?

A

A: They reduce stomach acid, aiding in the treatment and healing of gastritis.

29
Q

Describe the “currant jelly” stool seen in intussusception.

A

A: It’s a mixture of blood and mucus in the stool, commonly seen in intussusception.

30
Q

What is the target sign in intussusception diagnosis?

A

A: An ultrasound finding indicative of intussusception, showing concentric rings in the bowel.

31
Q

How are severe cases of intussusception treated if an enema is unsuccessful?

A

A: Surgical intervention may be necessary to correct the bowel obstruction.

32
Q

What distinguishes gangrenous bowel from other causes of GI bleeding in children?

A

A: It results from decreased blood flow, causing symptoms like sudden abdominal pain and urgent bowel movements.

33
Q

What is the treatment for milk protein allergy in infants with GI symptoms?

A

A: Removal of cow’s milk protein from the diet or use of hypoallergenic formulas.

34
Q

What is the role of the C-urea breath test in diagnosing peptic ulcers?

A

A: It detects H. pylori infection, which is a common cause of peptic ulcers in children.

35
Q

What are the two main goals of ulcer therapy in children?

A

A: Ulcer healing and elimination of the primary cause, such as H. pylori.

36
Q

What type of polyp is most common in children with GI bleeding?

A

A: Juvenile (hamartomatous) polyps, which are benign but can bleed.

37
Q

How is Meckel’s diverticulum bleeding typically managed?

A

A: Surgical resection to prevent further bleeding or complications.

38
Q

Why are esophageal varices particularly dangerous in children?

A

A: They can cause significant blood loss and are associated with serious liver disease.

39
Q

How is infectious diarrhea associated with GI bleeding managed?

A

A: Initial focus on rehydration, with antibiotics if caused by bacteria like E. coli or Shigella.

40
Q

What diagnostic method is preferred for visualizing esophageal varices?

A

A: Upper endoscopy to definitively identify varices and assess for bleeding.

41
Q

How is active variceal bleeding managed?

A

A: Through hemodynamic stabilization, vasopressors, antibiotics, and possible endoscopic treatment.

42
Q

What are vascular lesions, and how do they present in GI bleeding?

A

A: Malformations like hemangiomas or AV malformations that can cause GI bleeding, especially in the colon.

43
Q

What are the primary interventions for acute GI bleeding in children?

A

A: Stabilization, oxygen delivery, IV fluids, and blood resuscitation if needed.

44
Q

How is gangrenous bowel identified in children?

A

A: Symptoms include sudden abdominal pain, tenderness, and blood in the stool.

Pediatrics 👶🏻💕 (11 decks)

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