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Pediatrics 👶🏻💕 > Gastroenteritis > Flashcards

Gastroenteritis Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What defines acute gastroenteritis?

A

A: A clinical syndrome with increased stool frequency and loose consistency, with or without vomiting, fever, or abdominal pain.

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2
Q

Q: What are the characteristics of diarrhea?

A

A: More than 3 loose stools in 24 hours or bowel movements that exceed the child’s usual number by two or more.

3.

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3
Q

Q: What is dysentery?

A

A: Frequent small bowel movements associated with tenesmus, pain on defecation, and visible blood or mucus in stools.

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4
Q

How is acute diarrhea classified by duration?

A

A: Less than 2 weeks is acute, 7-13 days is prolonged, and more than 14 days is persistent.

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of diarrhea-related deaths worldwide?

A

A: Rotavirus.

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6
Q

What are the risk factors for acute gastroenteritis?

A

A: Poverty, poor hygiene, young age, malnutrition, immunodeficiency, and contaminated water/food.

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7
Q

What is osmotic diarrhea?
A:

A

Diarrhea caused by ingestion of unabsorbable solutes or enzyme deficiencies, stopping with fasting.

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8
Q

What is secretory diarrhea?
A:

A

Diarrhea caused by stimulation of chloride secretion into the gut by bacterial toxins (e.g., cholera, E. coli).

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9
Q

What is exudative diarrhea?

A

A: Diarrhea caused by inflammation, often seen in bacterial infections like Shigella and parasitic infections like Amebic dysentery.

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10
Q

How is rotavirus diagnosed and treated?
A:

A

Diagnosis: Stool immunoassay or PCR (though not typically used). Treatment: Supportive care.

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11
Q

What is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the USA?

A

A: Norovirus.

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12
Q

How is Campylobacter jejuni transmitted?

A

A: Feco-oral route or direct contact with infected animals or their products.

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13
Q

What is a major complication of Campylobacter jejuni infection?

A

A: Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS).

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14
Q

What is the typical presentation of Salmonella enterica?
A:

A

Self-limited watery or bloody diarrhea.

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15
Q

Q: When should antibiotics be used in non-typhoidal Salmonella?

A

A: In cases of age <3 months, immunodeficiency, ill appearance, or sickle cell anemia.

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16
Q

What is the treatment for Shigella infections?

A

A: Antibiotics like ceftriaxone, ampicillin, or TMP-SMX.

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17
Q

What are complications of Shigella infection?

A

A: Seizures, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), rectal prolapse, and sepsis.

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18
Q

How is EHEC (enterohemorrhagic E. coli) treated?

A

A: Supportive care only, no antibiotics due to the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of Vibrio cholerae infection?

A

A: “Rice water” stools, watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.

20
Q

How is Staphylococcus aureus gastroenteritis typically acquired?

A

A: Ingesting contaminated food, with a rapid onset of severe nausea and vomiting.

21
Q

What is the treatment for severe Listeria infection?

A

A: Ampicillin.

22
Q

How is Yersinia enterocolitica typically acquired?

A

A: Insufficiently cooked pork or contaminated water, meat, or milk.

23
Q

What is Entamoeba histolytica’s incubation period?

A

A: 2-4 weeks.

24
Q

What is the treatment for Entamoeba histolytica infection?

A

A: Metronidazole and a luminal agent like iodoquinol or paromomycin.

25
Q

What is a complication of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

A: Liver and lung abscesses.

26
Q

What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidium infection?

A

A: Watery diarrhea, severe in immunocompromised patients.

27
Q

Q: What history questions are important in gastroenteritis?

A

A: Diarrhea duration, frequency, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, urination, antibiotic use, and contact/travel history.

28
Q

Q: What history questions are important in gastroenteritis?

A

A: Diarrhea duration, frequency, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, urination, antibiotic use, and contact/travel history.

29
Q

What are signs of dehydration?

A

A: Sunken fontanelles, dry mucus membranes, thirst, low urine output, hypotension, and prolonged capillary refill.

30
Q

Q: What is the first-line treatment for mild-to-moderate dehydration in children?
).

A

A: Oral rehydration solution (ORS

31
Q

What are the indications for hospital admission in gastroenteritis?

A

A: Severe dehydration, intractable vomiting, decreased oral intake, young age (<6 months), and electrolyte disturbances.

32
Q

What is a routine stool exam looking for?

A

A: Blood, mucus, fecal leukocytes, and cysts or trophozoites of parasites.

33
Q

What stool tests are used to diagnose rotavirus and adenovirus?
A:

A

Stool immunoassay.

34
Q

What lab tests are indicated in moderate to severe dehydration?

A

A: Electrolytes, glucose, KFT, ABG, CBC, and urine analysis.

35
Q

What are contraindications for ORS?

A

A: Shock, ileus, intussusception, carbohydrate intolerance, severe emesis, and high stool output.

36
Q

What types of fluids should not be used for rehydration?

A

A: Soda, fruit juices, and tea due to their inappropriate osmolality and sodium content.

37
Q

What are the risks of using antidiarrheal medications like loperamide?

A

A: Severe abdominal distention and death.

38
Q

What are probiotics used for in gastroenteritis?

A

A: To promote intestinal flora balance and decrease the duration of diarrhea.

39
Q

When are zinc supplements recommended in gastroenteritis?

A

A: In cases of known zinc deficiency or areas with prevalent malnutrition.

40
Q

Which antibiotics are indicated for gastroenteritis caused by Shigella and E. histolytica?

A

A: Metronidazole for E. histolytica, ceftriaxone or TMP-SMX for Shigella.

41
Q

What is the role of ondansetron in gastroenteritis?

A

A: It reduces vomiting and the need for IV rehydration.

42
Q

What are contraindications for the rotavirus vaccine?

A

A: Severe combined immunodeficiency, intussusception history, or age beyond the vaccine window.

43
Q

How many doses are required for the Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccines?

A

A: Rotarix requires 2 doses, RotaTeq requires 3 doses.

44
Q

What is the leading cause of diarrhea-related deaths in children under 5 years?

A

A: Rotavirus.

45
Q

What diagnostic test is recommended for Cryptosporidium in severe cases?

A

A: Stool microscopy and possibly paromomycin treatment.

46
Q

What is the management of severe dehydration in gastroenteritis?

A

A: Immediate IV fluids (20 mL/kg bolus of normal saline) followed by ORS as needed.

Pediatrics 👶🏻💕 (11 decks)

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