Pneumatics and Pressurization Flashcards

1
Q

What systems require bleed air?

A

Air Conditioning

Wing Anti-Icing

Engine Starting

Hyd reservoir pressurization

Water pressurization

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2
Q

Where is the pressure supplied from?

A

Engine bleed
APU bleed or
External High Pressure ground connection

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3
Q

Bleed air is usually supplied from the Intermediate Pressure stage except for…

A

Idle conditions where the High Pressure stage supplies the bleed air.

Note: IP and HP bleed is never used at the same time

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4
Q

How is the bleed air cooled?

A

With a pre-cooler using cool air from the fan section

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5
Q

What is the max altitude for APU bleed?

A

20,000 feet

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6
Q

What side is the APU bleed connected to?

A

1 engine side, the crossfeed valve supplies APU bleed to both sides

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7
Q

What is unique about APU bleed air priority?

A

The APU has priority supplying bleed air

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8
Q

What is a limitation with the External High Pressure air connection?

A

When connected, DO NOT use any other bleed source!

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9
Q

Where are the leak detection loops?

A

APU ducting
Engine Pylon ducting
Wing ducting

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10
Q

What does BMC1 control?

A

Bleed air from Engine 1 and APU

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11
Q

What is special about the wing ducting?

A

There are 2 leak detection loops in the wings. Each monitored by different BMCs. Both loops must detect a leak for a pilot alert. Otherwise, the leak is automatically isolated.

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12
Q

Why would the Engine Number on the BLEED page be amber?

A

When the engine is below idle (off)

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13
Q

What happens to the associated PACK when you manually close an engine bleed valve?

A

Turning off the engine bleed valve automatically shuts off the associated Air Conditioning PACK.

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14
Q

How is the engine bleed valve closed by the pilot?

A

END BLEED pb OFF
OR
ENG FIRE pb engaged

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15
Q

Why would the BMC close the engine bleed valve?

A

Over temp

Over Pressure

Bleed Leak

Engine Start sequence

APU Bleed selected ON

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16
Q

How would Physics close the engine bleed valve?

A

No air pressure (spring loaded closed)

If reverse pressure is sensed

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17
Q

When will the auto X BLEED valve open?

A

When APU bleed is selected on.

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18
Q

What happens to the PACK control valve during engine start?

A

They automatically close to provide max pressure for engine start.

They will auto open ~30 seconds after start sequence

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19
Q

If an engine bleed fails during icing conditions, what is a limitation?

A

One engine bleed CAN NOT operate both PACKs when de-icing is on

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20
Q

During an engine bleed failure, can you use APU to supplement pressure?

A

NO, remember if you select APU bleed this will automatically close both engine bleed valves!

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21
Q

What is a icing limitation during a bleed air leak?

A

You CANNOT XFEED bleed air because of the leak as this will feed it the leak. Since you do not want to de-ice only one wing, you must depart icing conditions.

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22
Q

What are the max pressure differentials for the two safety v

A

+8.6psi and -1.0psi

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23
Q

How is pressurization controlled?

A

Two Pressurization Controllers (CPC) each has a backup section

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24
Q

What does the Residual Pressure Control Unit do? (A320 only)

A

Automatically depressurizes in case of abnormal residual pressure on the ground.Activates if (all conditions):The outflow valve does not fully openBoth CPCs fail or manual modeAC on the groundEngines are shutdown or <100knots

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25
Q

What are the inputs to the Pressure Controllers?

A

FMS, LGCIUs, ADIRs and throttle position

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26
Q

When would you have to set the landing elevation?

A

Destination airport is not in the FMS database
or
Both FMGCs fail

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27
Q

What does the DITCHING pb close?

A

Outflow valve (if not set to MAN)
Emergency Ram Air Inlet
Avionics ventilation inlet and extract valves
Pack flow control valves
Forward cargo isolation valves

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28
Q

What happens during takeoff?

A

When TOGA power is set, the controller starts cabin pressure climb at 400fpm until delta P is 0.1psi. Aborted takeoffs revert to ground mode.

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29
Q

When will the pressurization system enter Abort mode?

A

Below 8000’
less than normal climb or descent >200fpm for 30 seconds
Pressure reset to +0.1psi until climb re-initiated

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30
Q

What is the max normal delta pressurization?

A

8 psi

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31
Q

What is normal rate of cabin decent?

A

-750fpm, after touchdown it continues at -500fpm

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32
Q

When does the pressurization controller switch to the other

A

After each landing

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33
Q

When in MAN mode, what is the target cabin VSI?

A

500fpm

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34
Q

On the SD, when is GND displayed?

A

Displayed in white when the aircraft is on the ground.

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35
Q

How many BMC’s are there? What happens if left or right BMC fails?

A
  • 2 - If one BMC fails, the adjacent BMC takes over the monitoring of the bleed system to issue the following ECAM warnings:o Over pressureo Over temperatureo Wing leak.- BMC 1 lost: (ENG 1) APU leak detection lost.- BMC 2 lost: (ENG 2) GEN 2 leak detection lost.
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36
Q

During normal operation when would you expect to see the HP valve OPEN?

A

When idle.- Air is normally bled form the intermediate pressure stage (IP) of engine’s high-pressure (HP) compressor to minimize fuel penalty.- At low engine speed, when the pressure and temperature of the IP air are to low, the system bleeds air from the HP stage and maintain it at 36+/-4PSI.- An intermediate pressure check valve downstream of the IP part closes to prevent air from the HP stage from being circulated to the IP stage.

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37
Q

How is the Bleed Air Temperature regulated and to what temperature?

A
  • A pre-cooler downstream of the bleed valve regulates the temperature of the bleed air.- The pre-cooler is an air-to-air heat exchanger than uses cooling air bleed from the engine fan to regulate the temperature to approximately 200 degrees.
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38
Q

How is the bleed air pressure regulated? What is the normal pressure?

A
  • The bleed valve, which is downstream of the junction of HP and IP ducting, acts as a shut-off and pressure regulating valve.- It maintains delivery pressure at 45+/-5PSI.- May fluctuate between 38 ~ 56PSI with max peak-to-peak pressure of 16PSI) at high engine power to FL100).
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39
Q

With the cross-bleed selector in AUTO, what controls the position of the crossbleed valve?

A
  • 2 electric motors, one for automatic, one from manual mode, control the valve.- In automatic mode, the crossbleed value opens when the system uses APU bleed air. It closes, if the system detects an air leak, except during engine start.
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40
Q

What happens if a bleed leak occurs with the crossbleed selector in AUTO?

A

It closes. Except during engine start.

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41
Q

Which bleed (engine or APU) has priority?

A

APU

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42
Q

Does the overhead panel FAULT light extinguish when the temperature drops following a bleed overheat?

A

The FAULT light goes out when the ENG BLEED p/b switch is OFF if the fault has disappeared.

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43
Q

When do the bleed air temperature drops following bleed overheat?

A

The FAULT light goes out when the ENG BLEED p/b switch is OFF if the fault has disappeared.

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44
Q

When do the bleed air temperature and pressure go amber on the S.D?

A
  • Pre-cooler outlet temperature overheat 290 degrees for > 5sec, 270 degrees for > 15sec, 257 degrees for > 55sec, or < 4PSI, or if overpressure detected by BMC (threshold 57-60PSI).
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45
Q

Is WAI allowed if only one bleed system is operating?

A

Yes, if only one pack operating.

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46
Q

What should you NOT do if GD LP Air is connected? And the HP air?

A

LP: Packs 1+2 OFF, to prevent pack contamination.HP: Do NOT use packs + APU bleed.

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47
Q

How many Automatic Cabin Pressure Controllers are there?

A

2

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48
Q

How many motors can drive the Outflow Valve?

A
  • 3 (2 auto AC, a manual DC)- Slow on DC for manual to slow OFV.
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49
Q

What causes a safety valve to operate?

A

> 8.6 PSI or < 1 PSI

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50
Q

What is the OFV position with the AC on the ground?

A

Before takeoff and 55secs after landing, the outflow valve fully opens to ensure that there is no residual cabin pressure. At touch down, any remaining cabin pressure is released at a cabin v/s of 500’/min.

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51
Q

During climb, cabin ROC is a function of what?

A

The cabin attitude varies according to a fixed pre-programmed law that takes into account the aircraft’s actual ROC.

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52
Q

What is the (approx.) Max ROD of the cabin in AUTO?

A

750’/min

53
Q

What happens to the OFV after touchdown?

A
  • At touch down, any remaining cabin pressure is released at a cabin v/s of 500’/min.- 55sec after landing, valve fully opens.
54
Q

If the MAN V/S CTL is moved UP, what happens to the Press Diff, Cabin V/S, Cabin Alt, and OFV?

A
  • Pressure Difference: decreases- Cabin Vertical Speed: increases- Cabin Altitude: increases- OFV: selecting UP moves the valve towards the open position.
55
Q

What does the Ditching switch do?

A

Close the OFV (only if its in auto position, not in manual position), emergency ram air valve. Inlet, avionics ventilation inlet and extract valves, pack flow control valves.

56
Q

When is cabin v/s displayed on the doors SD?

A

Phase 5-7 (lift off til touchdown)

57
Q

Which failure in the bleed system causes an ECAM warning?

A

Overpressure overtemperature and wing leak.

58
Q

How does the bleed pressure regulation work?

A

The bleed valve which is downstream of the junction of HP (high pressure) and IP (intermediate pressure) ducting acts as a shut-off and pressure regulating valve. It maintains delivery pressure at 45 +/- 5 psi.

59
Q

How does the bleed temperature regulation work?

A

A precooler downstream of the bleed valve regulates the temperature of the bleed air. The precooler is an air-to air heat exchanger that uses cooling air bleed from the engine fan to regulate the temperature to approximately 200°C.

60
Q

Which systems or components are supplied by high pressure air?

A

Air conditioning engine starting wing anti-ice water pressurization and hydraulic reservoir pressurization.

61
Q

Pneumatic system operation is controlled and monitored by…

A

Two Bleed Monitoring Computers (BMC).

62
Q

What are the high pressure air sources?

A

Engine bleed systems APU load compressor and HP ground connection.

63
Q

What is the function of the crossbleed valve?

A

The crossbleed valve on the crossbleed duct allows the air supply systems of two engines to be isolated or interconnected.

64
Q

What occurs if one Bleed Monitoring Computer (BMC) fails?

A

If one BMC fails the other one takes over most of the monitoring functions.

65
Q

On which ECAM page you will get information about the PNEUMATIC system?

A

BLEED page.

66
Q

How does the APU bleed valve work?

A

The APU bleed valve operates as a shut-off valve to control APU bleed air. It is electrically controlled and pneumatically operated.

67
Q

How does the bleed leak detection work?

A

Leak detection loops detect any overheating near the hot air ducts in the fuselage pylons and wings. For the pylon and APU the sensing elements are tied to form a single loop and for the wing a double loop.

68
Q

What does the amber “FAULT” light in the APU BLEED pushbutton indicate?

A

Bleed leak (APU Bleed valve closes)

69
Q

What logic control the X-Bleed valve when the X-BLEED switch is in auto?

A
  • When APU valve is open, the x-bleed valve is open- When APU bleed valve is closed, the x-bleed valve is closed- X-bleed also closes for wing, pylon, or APU duct leak (Except during engine start)
70
Q

If the APU is running, is it necessary to manually select APU BLEED OFF prior to APU shutdown?

A

No. When the APU MASTER sw is selected OFF, the bleed air valve is closed and the APU is allowed to cool prior to shutdown

71
Q

The pneumatic system is monitored and controlled by?

A

2 Bleed Monitored Computers (BMC)

72
Q

If one BMC fails, can the other take over?

A

Yes, they are interconnected. If one BMC fails:- APU and ENG 1 leak detections are not monitored- ECAM APU BLEED LEAK warning is lost

73
Q

On the ECAM Bleed page, how do you tell if the GND HP air supply is connected?

A

The GND unit temperature and pressure are indicated on the ECAM BLEED PRECOOLER 1

74
Q

How can you tell if the GND LP air supply is removed before selecting the APU BLEED pushbutton to on?

A

Turn off the CAB FANS pushbutton, open the air vent on the instrument panel and confirm no airflow.

75
Q

What flow rate is automatically selected when APU bleed air is in use or during single pack operation?

A

HI

76
Q

If the engine bleed air in-flight is too low, what will occur?

A

Engine speed is automatically increased to provide adequate bleed air pressure

77
Q

After engine start with the APU BLEED pushbutton ON, what source is supplying bleed air to the packs?

A

APU Bleed

78
Q

What does an amber “FAULT” light in the APU BLEED pushbutton indicate?

A

An APU bleed leak

79
Q

When does the delta P indication become amber?

A

It becomes amber when out of normal range delta P 8.5 psi.

80
Q

What is the function of the DITCHING pushbutton?

A

The DITCHING pb closes the outflow valve the emergency ram air inlet the avionics ventilation inlet and extract valves and the pack flow control valves.

81
Q

How many motors are available to operate the outflow valve?

A

There are two automatic motors and one manual motor.

82
Q

Pressurization is assumed through the following modes…

A

Ground (GN)Takeoff (TO)Climb (CL)Cruise (CR)Decent (DE)Abort (AB).

83
Q

How does the cabin pressure control work?

A

Two identical independent digital controllers automatically control the system by maintaining the proper cabin pressure. They receive signals from the Air Data Inertial Reference System (ADIRS) the Flight Management and Guidance Computer (FMGC) the Engine Interface Unit (EIU) and the Landing Gear Control Unit (LGCIU).

84
Q

What are the main components of the pressurization system?

A

Two cabin pressure controllers (CPC) one residual pressure controller (RPCU) one outflow valve one control panel and two safety valves.

85
Q

How many safety valves are installed?

A

Two independent pneumatic safety valves prevent cabin pressure from going too high (+8.6psi above ambient) or too low (-1psi below ambient).

86
Q

Can you switch between the two cabin pressure controller (CPC)?

A

Switching the MODE SEL pb to MAN for at least 10 seconds then returning it to AUTO will select the other system.

87
Q

Where is the outflow valve?

A

The outflow valve is on the right hand side of the fuselage behind the aft cargo compartment and below the flowtation line.

88
Q

When does the cabin vertical speed (V/S) indication of the cabin pressure become amber?

A

It becomes amber when the V/S is greater than 2000ft/min or less than -2000ft/min

89
Q

What is the purpose of the Residual Pressure Control Unit (RPCU)?

A

The RPCU automatically depressurizes the aircraft in case of abnormal residual pressure on the ground.

90
Q

What is the function of the abort mode?

A

If the aircraft does not climb after takeoff the abort mode prevents the cabin altitude from climbing. Cabin pressure is set back to the takeoff altitude + 0.1psi.

91
Q

When does the color of the cabin altitude indication on the ECAM change to red?

A

The indication becomes red for excessive cabin altitude >= 9550ft.

92
Q

When does the safety valve open?

A

The safety valve opens when the cabin differential pressure is between 8.2 and 8.9 psi. The range is due to the reduced accuracy of delta P measurements (in MAN mode) combined with the decrease in cabin differential pressure that occurs immediately after the safety valves open.

93
Q

What are the four general functions of the cabin pressurization system?

A

Ground functionPre-pressurizationPressurization during flightDe-pressurization

94
Q

LDG ELEV selector
(CABIN PRESS Panel)

  • AUTO
  • Other position
A

AUTO:FMGS data used to construct an optimized pressure schedule.Other position:The pressurization schedule does not use the landing elevation from the FMGS, but instead uses the landing elevation selected with this knob (from – 2,000 to + 14,000 feet) as its reference.

95
Q

MODE SEL pb
(CABIN PRESS Panel)

  • AUTO
  • MAN
  • FAULT Light
A

AUTO:Automatic mode is operating. One of the two cabin pressure controller moves the outflow valve. Recycling this pb (MAN 10 sec then back to AUTO) switches controllers.MAN:MAN V/S CTL switch to control the outflow valve.FAULT Light:With ECAM caution light comes on only when both automatic systems are faulty.

96
Q

MAN V/S CTL toggle sw
(CABIN PRESS Panel)

  • UP
  • DN
A

Springloaded to neutral. Controls the outflow valve position through operation of the MAN motor, when the MODE SEL pushbutton is in the MAN position.UP: The valve moves towards the open position.DN: The valve moves towards the closed position

97
Q

DITCHING guarded pb
(CABIN PRESS Panel)

  • ON
A

ON:sends a “close” signal to:- fwd cargo isolation outlet valve The cargo recirculation fans stop automatically.- avionics ventilation inlet and extract valves- emergency ram air inlet- pack flow control valves- outflow valve

98
Q

BLOWER and EXTRACT pb
(VENTILATION Panel)

  • AUTO
  • OVRD
  • FAULT Light
A

AUTO (Both pb):Open/closed config depending on temperature until TO power, then closed or intermediate.(Either pb in OVRD):- Closed config. A/C system supplies cooling.- With BLOWER pb in OVRD blower fan stops.(Both pb in OVRD):- Air flows from the a/c sys and then overboard- The extract fan continues to run.FAULT Light (blower pb):- blowing pressure low- duct overheats- computer power supply fails- smoke warning is activatedFAULT Light (blower pb):- extract pressure is low- computer power supply fails- smoke warning is activated.

99
Q

FWD ISOL VALVE pb
(CARGO HEAT Panel)

  • Auto
  • OFF
  • FAULT Light
A

Auto:- The inlet and outlet isolation valves open.- The extraction fan runs when the aircraft is on ground, or if diff P 1 psi, the fan stops.- If smoke is detected in the forward cargo bay, the valves close and the fan stops.OFF : The inlet and outlet isolation valves and the trim air valve close; the extraction fan stops.FAULT lt:With the ECAM caution when either inlet or outlet valve is not in the selected position.

100
Q
Temperature selector
(CARGO HEAT Panel)
  • COLD
  • Middle position
  • HOT
A
  • COLD: Approximately 5° C (41° F)- Middle position: Approximately 15° C (59° F)- HOT: Approximately 26° C (79° F)
101
Q

Zone temperature selector sw:
(AIR COND Panel)

  • COLD
  • Middle
  • HOT
A
  • COLD position: 18°C (64°F)- Middle position: 24°C (76°F)- HOT position: 30°C (86°F)
102
Q

HOT AIR pb
(AIR COND Panel)

  • ON
  • OFF
  • FAULT light
A

ON:Hot Air Pressure Regulator Valve regulates hot air pressure.OFF:Valve closes, and the trim air valves close. The FAULT circuit is reset.FAULT light on:duct overheat temp = 88°C (190°F).Triggers ECAM msg.The valve and the trim air valves close automatically.The FAULT light goes off when temp < 70°C (158°F), and the flight crew selects OFF.

103
Q

PACK pb
(AIR COND Panel)

  • ON
  • OFF
  • FAULT Light
A

ON:Pack flow control valve is automatically controlled.It opens, except:- Upstream pressure below minimum;- Compressor outlet overheat;- Engine start sequence;- Fire pb on same side is pressed;- Ditching pb ON;OFF:The pack flow control valve closes.FAULT LT:Comes with ECAM- valve position disagree with selected position- compressor outlet overheat- pack outlet overheat

104
Q

ECON FLOW pb (321)
(AIR COND Panel)

  • ON
  • OFF
A

ON:ECON flow is selected.OFF:Normal flow is selected. Normal flow provides 20 % more than ECON flow.

105
Q

PACK FLOW sel (319)
(AIR COND Panel)

  • LO
  • NORM
  • HI
A

LO (80 %)NORM (100 %)HI (120 %)Goes into high when automatically when:- single pack operation- with APU bleed supplyIf LO is selected, the pack flow can be automatically selected up to 100 % when the cooling demand cannot be satisfied.

106
Q

RAM AIR pb (guarded)
(AIR COND Panel)

  • ON
  • OFF
A

ON:- The RAM air inlet opens if the DITCHING pb is not selected ON.- If differential press => 1 psi: The outflow valve control remains normal. No emergency RAM air flows in.- If diff press < 1 psi: The outflow valve opens to about 50 % when under automatic control. It does not automatically open when it is under manual control. Emergency RAM airflow is directly supplied to the mixer unit.OFF:The RAM air inlet closes.

107
Q

CAB FAN pb
(VENTILATION Panel)

  • ON
  • OFF
A

ON:The two cabin fans are on.OFF:The two cabin fans are off.

108
Q

CREW SUPPLY pb
(OXYGEN Panel)

  • On
  • OFF
A

On:The valve is open, and supplies low pressure oxygen to the masks (normal position in flight).OFF:The valve is closed, and the white light comes on.

109
Q

PASSENGER SYS ON Iight

OXYGEN Panel

A

This light comes on white, when the control for the oxygen mask doors is activated, and it remains on until the TMR RESET pb is pressed.

110
Q

MASK MAN ON pb
(OXYGEN Panel)

  • AUTO
  • Pressed
A

AUTO:The mask doors open automatically when the cabin altitude exceeds 14,000 feet.Pressed:The mask doors open.

111
Q

From what source does the pressurization system obtain landing elevation?

A

FMGC database

112
Q

How many controllers are in the pressurization system?

A

2, only one is used at a time and they swap roles after each landing

113
Q

When out of the AUTO position, what is different?

A

The pressurization system uses the manually selected landing elevation

114
Q

When out of the AUTO position, what is different?

A

The pressurization system uses the manually selected landing elevation

115
Q

When out of the AUTO position, what is different?

A

The pressurization system uses the manually selected landing elevation

116
Q

What is the maximum cabin rate of descent with the pressurization in AUTO?

A

750 FPM

117
Q

At what cabin differential pressure does the RAM AIR valve open?

A

1 psi differential or less

118
Q

Which valves will receive a close command when the DITCHING pushbutton is depressed? (ARPO)

A
  • Avionics Inlet and Extract valves- Ram air Inlet- Pack Flow Control valves- Outflow valve (only if in Auto mode)
119
Q

Will the DITCHING pushbutton always close the outflow valve?

A

Not if the outflow valve is under manual control

120
Q

Can the pilot control the outflow valve

A

Yes, select MAN on the MODE SEL and use the MAN V/S CTL switch

121
Q

Will the DITCHING pushbutton always close the outflow valve?

A

Not if the outflow valve is under manual control

122
Q

What protects the air frame from excessive cabin differential pressure?

A

2 pressure relief valves

123
Q

How many outflow valve motors are installed?

A

3 - One for each automatic controller and one for manual control

124
Q

If PACK FLOW is selected to HI, will it automatically shift lower?

A

No

125
Q

How do you manually switch controllers?

A

Switch MODE SEL to MAN for 10 seconds, then back to AUTO

126
Q

What does an amber “FAULT” light in the MODE SEL pushbutton indicate?

A

Both automatic pressure controllers are faulty

127
Q

Describe what occurs when cabin pressure altitude exceeds:

  • 8,800’
  • 9,550’
  • 11,300’
  • 14,000’
A
  • 8,800’: CAB ALT flashes- 9,550’: EXCESS CABIN ALT warning- 11,300’: All cabin signs illuminate- 14,000’: All passenger masks deploy
128
Q

If the Lav/Galley Extract Fan fails, what occurs?

A

Cabin temperature defaults to a set value

129
Q

Approximately what rate of cabin change does 1 click of the MAN V/S CTL switch produce?

A

50 FPM