PMPVH 20/10/14 Flashcards
Define Traceability
The possibility to identify and follow a food item along the foodchain. - Tracing-forward –> re call of products - Tracing-backwards –> identify source of problem
A food safety criteria defines the …
acceptability of a product to be put on the market. Some hazards have a FSC of ABSENCE (e.g. salmonella) so have thresholds
Salmonella has an ________trend
Decreasing/ Downward trend. Still no1 for total number of outbreaks in EU
Most commonly reported zoonosis in EU is
Campylobacter - 280,000 in UK / year. 65% of chicken carcass’ testing +ve Thinning is associated with slowly increasing trend of Campylobacter - removing chickens at different times depending on weight gain etc.
Main source of Campylobacter outbreaks
Broiler meat = 44% Raw milk = 20%
Difference between outbreak and epidermic
Outbreak: Cases clustered in time and space, occurring at a higher level than expected. Epidemic: Occurance of more cases than expected, over period of time
Epidemic curve time interval should be set at
1/3rd or less of incubation period
Sharp increase/Sharp decrease epidemic curve indicative of
Point source (1 incubation period)
Who is in charge of outbreak investigation
Local authority- statutory responsibility to control outbreaks and powers to control. Informs Food Standards Agency Have Incident control team over seeing (ICT)
Management of food safety in abattoirs is based on ____ and ____ protocols
HACCP and GMP HACCP= Hazard specific GMP= Not Hazard specific
The two knife technique at harvest stage of process is an example of a
GMP (Non-hazard specific) 1 knife to cut outside 1 cleaner knife to cut inside
Having a critical limitfor the scalding process in pork harvest is an example of a
HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) for Salmonella HACCPs need estabilishment of critical points, monitoring, actions, verification, documentation
Food safety Criteria refers to whether the product is
Safe at the end of the process. Acceptibility to be put on the market. Based on risk assessment
Microbiological Criteria =
The acceptability of a product or process based on the presence/absence of micro-organisms Part of GHPs
Submission rate (and appropriate target)
This is the proportion of cows which are eligible to be bred during a 21 or 24-day period that actually are bred. On well managed farms this should be well over 70%. However, it is easily manipulated by presenting more cows for AI.
Which bovine abortions need to be reported to AHVLA? Why?
Any abortion prior to day 271. Brucellosis testing. Investigation on cows that are NOT contributing to bulk milk tank (as this is routinely tested)
When do the following pathogens cause abortion? a) ibr b) bvdv c) lepto d) neospora
a) IBR: throughout gestation b) tends to cause early returns to service (up to month 6) c) lepto: late term month 5 to term d) neospora: 3 to 8 months
Flaccid udder in indicative of what kind of infectious cause of abortion
Leptospirosis. Abortion late term (5 months to term)
Why is vaginitis seen with IBR?
Herpes virus. Fatal pneumonia. Conjuncitivits/ Occular discharge. Pyreoxa up to 42 degrees.
What % of calfs are typically PI’s in infected herd
1-2%. First trimester of pregnancy. PI’s may be small, stunted and sickly.
When would BVDV cause haemorragic diarrhoea
BVDV does not cause diarrhoea. In USA = Type II and PI calfs with mucosal disease may have haemorrgaic diarrhoea
What age do you want cow to a) be served at b) calve at
Aim for calving at 24 months old so service at 15 minutes. VERY DIFFICULT. Weight 375kg
Calving scores What target for cows and heifers?
0: no hand touches calf 1: hand touches but no rope 2., rope used gentle pull 4: caesarean section SCORE 3 AND 4: <15% heifer
Live birth rate targets
% cows born alive AND survive for 24 hours Cow: 97% Heifer: 92%
How long to wait for calving
Don’t be afraid to wait. Cow: 1 hour Heifer: 1.5 hour
How much colostrum
6 litres in first 12 hours 6 pints in first 6 hours Absorption is better when suckled from dam or consumed in presence of dam
Human intervention of colostrum
2 litres in 1 hour 2 litres within 6 hours 2 litres within the next 6 hours total of 6 litres within 12 hours
Storage of colostrum
Freeze immediately - thaw in warm water Refrigerate at 4 degrees for 24 hours
Colostrum testing
Total protein Zinc sulphate stability test IN CALFS (BLOOD SAMPLE 2-7 DAYS OLD) Clotted Red Top tube for serum OR REFRACTOMETER
Colour tube for colostrum testing of calfs
2-7 days old. Test healthy calves RED TUBE Zinc sulphate stability test of TP
Refractometer reading for good colostrum
TEST CALF!! 55g/l or 5.5g/dl or above
Why should colostrum testing be done on healthy calves
If calf ill or scouring = dehydrated therefore serum protein on refractometer will be higher anyway. TEST HEALTHY CALFS SHOULD BE 5.5 OR 55
How much calf milk replacer
Increased in cold weather 0.5kg/day should be fed twice a day 2Litres twice a day 125g/litre
Voluntary Waiting Period / Earliest Service date should be
Target = 42 days
Calving to Conception interval target
85 days
KPI for 120 day in calf rate
>64% % of cows pregnant at 120 days post calving
210 day not in calf rate
<7% Very concerning
When is it worse for a cow to be culled
Within first 100 days of lactation (most productive) Heifers leaving the herd = worst Rate each factor out of 10 e.g. lameness, cell counts, kicks in parlour, infertile
Milk fat % is indicates
Acidosis - SARA Milk protein: Long term energy deficient (not normally too little protein in diet) -trough space, palatable food, silage face management
Minimum legal stocking density for a) calves 150kg
Calves up to 150 kg = 1.5 m2 but should be more Calves more than 150 kg should have 2 metres2
When testing total serum protein from calves, if ___% of testing calves have serum protein < 5.5g/L FPT is a herd problem
17-25% BORDERLINE PROBLEM >33% HERD PROBLEM
Target for number of pigs per sow per year
target is 24-26. 2.4 litters a year
Pre weaning mortaility target
should be below 6-8% >10%= welfare problem NOT THIS IS PRE WEANING. POST WEANING MORTALITY GROWERS <3-5%
Pigs/Poultry food accounts for ____% cost of production
food is 55% of cost of production in pigs and poultry
Killing out % for pigs should be
should be >72% (things that aren’t used in UK are normally exported)
Target days to slaughter for pigs
6 months
if potential lean growth is to be fully supported, then the amount of protein relative to energy in the fiet should be _______with increasing live weight
Protein to Energy ratio should be DECREASED with increasing live weight
Protein over supply with lead to…
Reduced growth rate AND Increased excretion (waste of money and environmental issue)
How can you alter the tenderness of pork
Younger = more tender. Increase growth rates = more tender
UK Culling Rate for pigs
40% or higher
Carcass grade P is
<38%
Productivity definition
The productivity is the efficeicny of converting inputs into outputs Productivity= outputs at point in time/ inputs at point in time
Productivity definition
The productivity is the efficeicny of converting inputs into outputs
What lung changes can show up under lying tail biting problem
Pyemia - pus abscess in lungs. Septicaemia
Diapharmatic/ Caudal lung lobe congestion cause
Actinobaccilus pleuropneumoniae. Gram negative anaerobic.
Pleuritis due to fibrin tags
‘Gun shot’ lesion
Actinobaccilus pleuropneunmoniae.
Pigs caudal/diaphramatic lung lobes.
Carcass condemed due to fibrin tags causing pleuritis.
‘Gunshot’
PRRS
Arterovirus
affects multiple ages (adults= abortion)
Mummified pigs/ weak live pigs therefoe high pre weaning mortality (target less than 7%)
Can be respiratory disease in growers.
UK doesn’t have pathogenic strain like Asia
Why does PRRS cause secondary diseases
Is highly IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE.
Can’t sell to international markets with PRRS!
Affect of PRRS on boar stud farm
PRRS outbreak will cause stud farm to shut down as any virus that can get into a monocyte will be transmitted in semen.
Only 5 main pig stud farms in UK therefore rwould reduce semen avaliability by 20% over night
PED (pigs) mortality is?
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea.
Coronavirus (NO
cross protection from Respiratory or enteric coronavirus)
100% mortality in neonatal pigs
Causes scour in other age groups
NOT IN UK ATM but US lost 10% of pigs in a year
PED is what type of virus
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea is a Cornarvirus
NO CROSS PROTECTION FOR RESPIRATORY of TGE cornoavirus
100% mortaility in neo natal pigs
Where is PED thought to come from?
Spray dried plasma pig food.
Not illegal but UK does not do it- common in america.
SOME PRODUCTS CONTAIN IT, BE CAREFUL!!!
Myoplasma hyopneumoniae
Cranial lung lobes. c.f. actinobaccilus pleuropn= caudal lobes
Low grade cough
30-80% of pigs have lesions at slaughter
GREAT ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Why does Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae have significant economic importance
endemic 30-80% lesions
Decreased FEED CONVERSION EFFICIENCY.
iNCONSISTANCY IN GROWTH RATES= NOT UNIFORM
Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae.
Problem of weaned pigs
Binds to cillia = secondary infections
pcv-2
immunosuppressive.
Hides in bone marrow- escape normal immune process’
can get LATE ONSET PCV-2 (i.e. week before slaughter dropping dead)
Culling rate at 0-16 weeks poultry
Culling essential as need best chickens to produce an egg a day
Key weight checks in poultry at weeks___
weeks 6 and 12.
Skeletal development in first 6 weeks
Poultry major gut development is week
weeks 9 to 16 = major gut development
Drafty
Mishapen eggs can be traced back to stress ___ previously
10-14 hours
Normal FCR for poultry
1.66 kg of food to 1 kg muscle.
European Performance Efficiency Factor takes into account
Weight gain
FCR (1.66kg of food to 1kg meat)
Mortality.
Want scores over 400.
Clinical signs of Infectious Bronchitis (IB) in broilers
Respiratory disease caused by cornoavirus.
Also causes a Nephritis. inc Urates in urethers / renal tubules.
Can lead to egg peritonitis due to damage to urethers
Watery diarrhoea
Clinical signs of mycoplasma gallisepticum
Coughing
nasal/occular discharge
poor productivity
Air sacculitis
Pericarditis
Cattaharal inflamm
How to differentiate red mite larvae and nymph? Poultry. How long does one full cycle take
Larvae= 6 legs
Nymph = 8 legs
One full cycle takes 8-40 days
Life cycle of main Coccidiosis pathogen in poultry
Eimera = most common and has a direct life cycle.
HIGHLY host specific
Chicks and Poults most suspectible
7 infective species found in chickens
Most pathogenic Eimera species in chickens
Eimera tenella = highly pathogenic.
Direct life cycle
Marek’s disease is caused by what type of virus? What age group affected
Alpha- herpes virus
Typically affects 12-24 weeks.
Variable incubation period from weeks to months
Several forms inc visceral and neurological
Barn system maximum number of hens per m2 is
25 hens per m2 in barn system.
Usual stocking density is 11/12 hens per m2
In general, how many doses do a) modified live vaccines require b) inactive/sub unit vaccines equire
a) modified live vaccines: single dose
b) Inactivated/sub unit vaccines normally require 2 doses given 2-3 weeks apart
Beware maternally derived antibodies can affect up to 14 weeks!
No point vaccinating an animal below 6 weeks because:
- Immature immune system
- Maternally derived antibodies
