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Question 1

Krebs cycle end product

Answer 1

ATP i.e. energy NOT glucose

Question 2

Rumen breaks glucose down into

Answer 2

c3 molecules. ++++c3 will lead to acidosis

Question 3

How does Ketosis come about (with ref to c3 molecules)

Answer 3

Insufficient energy i.e. insufficient glucose–> insufficient c3 (broken down by rumen) therefore accumulation of acyl-CoA = FATS/KETONES

Question 4

Effects of raised Ketones

Answer 4

Raised Ketones reduce appetite further reducing the supply of c3 molecules therefore further build up of acyl-CoA = vicious circle known as the Ketosis complex. COW’S DON’T DEVELOP KETOACIDOSIS = CATS

Question 5

All cows post partum will have

Answer 5

+ ve ketone result = normal degree of fat mobilisation.

Ketosis complex: 2-10 weeks after calving

Question 6

Ketosis complex higher risk examples

Answer 6

2-10 weeks after calving

Hypocalcaemia, hypomag, RFM, lameness, twin carrying cows ALL AT HIGHER RISK

Question 7

Primary Ketosis vs Secondary Ketosis

Answer 7

Primary Ketosis: Voluntary feed intake cannot meet energy demands. Excessive breakdown of body fat and muscle. Sometimes due to specific nutrional deficiencies. aka starvation ketosis. Enough space? Stale food??
SECONDAR ketosis: Any condition that makes cow loose appetite LDA/RDA, Metritis, Mastitis

Question 8

Ketosis Wasting form vs Neurological form

Answer 8

Wasting form: Gradual reduction in appetite, cows refuse to eat concentrates, marks loss of body weight, firm dry faces.
Neurological form: Sudden onset of abnormal behaviour; walk in circles, depreaved appetite, hyperaesthesia.

Question 9

Clinical signs of Ketosis

Answer 9

Blood gluc = low end
Blood beta-hydroxbutyrate (BHBA)
Milk and Urine Ketone levels
Serum NEFAs can be elevated

Question 10

Ketosis treatment

Answer 10

IV Dextrose, quick
IV Dextrose 200g slow
Corticosteroids (app stimulant) NOT IN PREGNANT!
Propylene glycol (c3 molecule precursors)

Question 11

Pregnancy Toxeemia in cattle

Answer 11

Primarily a disease of beef cattle
Seen more in autumn calving
IF shortly before calving = agitated, incoordinated, difficulty rising, scant faces
WHEN 6 weeks before calving, depressed

Question 12

Preg toxaemia in sheep presentation

Answer 12

Affected ewes separate from flock, apparently blind.
Constipation common and griding of teeth.
Periods of drowsiness and stargazing +- in coordination
Ewes recumbent
CHECK ALIVE

Question 13

Diagnosis of FLS and preg tox

Answer 13

Blood NEFAs, glycose, liever enzymes

Milk fat > 5% Protein 5% fat

Question 14

Treatment of FLSa and preg tox

Answer 14

As for ketosis (dextrose IV, propylene glycol?) but consider insulin, steroids, high quality feed.
Drench every 4-6 hours
Early stages could induce preg/ caesarean.
Affected flocks IMMEDIATELY placed on supplementary feeding

Question 15

Defintion of Down Cow

Answer 15

A cow that is down for >24 hours of after unsuccessful treatment for Ca, Mg, P

Question 16

Down cow problem

Answer 16

Primary cause may be resolved but secondary superficial nerve damage or ischemic necrosis of muscle (esp hind limb)
Compression–> anoxia–> cell damage –> inflamm –> further swelling –> poor tissue perfusion

Question 17

Peroneal nerve damage

Answer 17

Cause hyperflexion of the fetlock (knuckled)

Question 18

‘Happy’ downer or creeper cows think…

Answer 18

Phosphorous deficiency

Question 19

Full clinical examination

Answer 19

Check for broken legs
Check for ruptured cruciates
Check for dislocated joints
Check for neurological function
Check uterus, pelvis and peritoneum 
CHECK ALL QUARTERS OF UDDER --> Check if toxic

Question 20

Care of the downer cow, leg positioning

Answer 20

Sit cow up, sternal recumbancy.
Get the legs underneath to reduce further ischaemia due to pressure on limbs.
Rotate cow every 4-6 hours
Hobble

Question 21

Prognosis

Answer 21

Cow raising body on all 4 but missing force: reserved optimism, shows nerves are working
If no progress after 48 hours: euthanasia.
Down for 3 days, chances of recovery= 20%