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VetMed Year 4- Term 2 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the Oral dose sometimes higher than the IV dose?

A

Oral dose = first pass metabolism, less reaches circulation . IV = No first pass metabolism. NEVER ASSUME DOSE SAME FOR DIFFERENT ROUTES.

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2
Q

Why do we need to be careful in animals with hepatic dysfunction?

A

Hepatic dysfunction = less first pass metabolism when given orally therefore more absorbed into systemic circulation. IF DRUG HAS NARROW THERAPEUTIC INDEX = more significant. Drug may also PERSIST longer therefore decreased dosing interval.

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3
Q

Which routes avoid the first pass metabolism

A

ALL ROUTES APART FROM ORAL BY PASS FIRST PASS METABOLISM.

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4
Q

Does Rectal administration avoid first pass metabolism

A

Yes. e.g. diazepam.

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5
Q

Bladder infection why is first antibiotic given SC in consult room?

A

NO PHARMACOLOGIAL REASON. GIVE TABS

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6
Q

How is Volume of distribution calculated?

A

Total amount of drug given/ plasma concentration of drug

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7
Q

Larger volume of distribution =

A

The more it has gone in body compartments i.e. if LOW volume of distribution = restricted to plasma.

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8
Q

Which antibiotics are good at crossing the BBB

A

Fluoriquinalone, Metronidazole, Lincosamides, Clindamycin, Sulphonamides

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9
Q

Which antibiotics are bad at crossing the BBB

A

Penicillin (way too water based) Tetracyclines are theoretically good but actually bad as pumped straight back out again. Aminoglycosine (gentamycin) I.E. POOR FOR PROSTATE/BRAIN/EYE

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10
Q

Phase 1 metabolism occurs where?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum e.g. hydrolysis, reduction. Makes water soluble to be excreted. If still not water soluble enough goes into phase 2

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11
Q

Phase 2 metabolism occurs where?

A

Occurs if phase 1 doesn’t make water soluble enough. Occurs in microsomes or in the cytosol. Involves specific transfer enzymes e.g. glucaroninc acid. MARKED SPECIES DIFFERENCES

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12
Q

Phase 3 metabolism occurs where?

A

Across membranes. Active drug transport. e.g. P-glycoproetin

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13
Q

How does phase 2 differ in cats

A

Dogs metabolise like people. Cats very different. Cats have Limited acetylation. Glucaronidation relatively unaffected by hepatic disease

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14
Q

Pigs have no ___ conjugation

A

Pigs have no sulphate conjugation.

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15
Q

Which species drug pharmokinetics is relatively unaffected by hepatic disease

A

Cats, glucaronidation relatively unaffected by hepatic disease

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16
Q

Difference in drugs metabolism between sheep and goats

A

Goats have MUCH faster metabolism therefore increase dosing frequency.

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17
Q

Dogs/Cats. Which species has higher half life for Asprin

A

Cats on asprin have very prolonged half life c.f. dogs. Carprofen half life longer in cats than dogs. Metacam relatively similar

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18
Q

Which type of metabolism of paracetamol gives a toxic product in cats

A

Glucaronidation/ Sulphonation = NOT TOXIC METABOLITES BUT IN CATS, OXIDATATION = TOXIC METABOLITES (NAPQI binds to essential amino acids and results in cellular death)

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19
Q

Why is paracetamol toxic in cats

A

Glucaronidation major metabolic pathway in most species, cats have lower glucaronyl transferase level. Sulphation is major pathay in cat but limited capacity therefore drug oxidised leading to toxicity. NAPQI

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20
Q

Young/very old have _____ elimination of drug

A

young and old = very LIMITED elimination of drug.

21
Q

First order kinetics

A

Rate of elimination of a drug is directly proportional to the drug concentration

22
Q

Zero order kinetics

A

Rate of elimination is independent of dose administed. i.e. all pathways saturated.

23
Q

Two scenarios where drug elimination into milk is clinically related.

A
  1. Dairy cows 2. Young animals feeding (overdose easily)
24
Q

Type A ADR

A

Augmented

25
Q

Type B ADR

A

Bizarre

26
Q

Type D ADR

A

Delayed e.g. carcinogenic drugs. Although most dogs don’t live enough.

27
Q

Type E ADR

A

End of treatment e.g. corticosteroids

28
Q

Doberman + Sulphonamide =

A

Adverse Drug Reaction. Sulphonamides can cause immune mediated anemia in all species. Dobermanns predisposed. Type B, type III adr polyarthritis

29
Q

Which drug reactions are predictable

A

type a (augmented) adr PREDICATION. Problem with metabolism, elimination pathways

30
Q

Drug reduction should be considered for a drug with a narrow therapeutic index for a a) large dog b) small dog

A

Metabolic rate is more aligned to body area. therefore LOWER DOSE FOR LARGER DOG.

31
Q

How should dose be changed for a fat dog vs thin dog if drug has high volume of distributionm

A

high VoD = spreads everywhere. KEEP DOSE SAME FOR FAT/THIN (drug fat soluble as high VoD). IF NOT FAT SOLUBLE DRUG THEN LOWER DOSE FOR FATTER LABRADOR

32
Q

Effect of Starvation on drug metabolism

A

Starvation (in calves) can decrease speed of drug metabolism

33
Q

Penicillin most common ADR =

A

Type B ADR ‘Bizzare. Type II = cytotoxic antibiodys = haemolytic anemia/ thrombocytopenia pemphigus = type ii adr

34
Q

Anaphalysis ADR =

A

Type B, Type 1 = Anaphalaxis

35
Q

antigen-antibody deposition in joints = Type ___ ADR

A

Type B, Type III Polyarhopathy-= SULPHONAMIDES = Dobermann

36
Q

Vaccination causes suspected ADR. What do you do?

A

Use different brand next time as normally the excipients rather than antigen vaccine

37
Q

In anxiety and depression synaptic serotonin is

A

synaptic seratonin is LOW in axiety and depression. Receptors are upregulated.

38
Q

Serotonergic drugs have immediate and delayed effect; detail both

A

Immediate: Decreased reuptake therefore more receptors occupied Delayed: receptors are downregulated

39
Q

Examples of serotonergic drugs

A

Amitriptyline, clomipramine, fluoxetine, sertraline.

40
Q

Amitriptyline

A

Serotonergic drug. Indicated for use with feline interstitial cystitis.

41
Q

Selegiline

A

Dopaminergic drug. Selective MAO16 inhibition. Doesn’t need dietary modification

42
Q

Example of GABA behaviouring modifying drug

A

Benzodiazepine.

43
Q

Round cell tumour cytology

A

Round to oval cells with moderately distinct cytoplasm.

Round to oval nuceli.

44
Q
A

Mast cell tumour.

Type of round cell tumour.

Well differentiated but many granules.

Poorly stained nuceli.

45
Q

Round cells, individual =

A

Round cell tumour

46
Q

Spindle cells individual =

A

Mesenchymal tumour

47
Q

Large cells held together =

A

epithelial tumour

adenoma or carcinoma?

48
Q
A

Mesenchymal (spindle) cell tumour.

Sarcoma

49
Q
A

VetMed Year 4- Term 2 (14 decks)

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