PLM - 230413 Flashcards
How do you remove sulfur from coal?
Sulfur is scrubbed using limestone from coal.
What is the material with largest availability?
Coal
What is oil?
Fossilized organic precursors, mostly marine life.
Refination process oil
Light oil:
Distillation (light components), catalytic cracking (heating), reformming (steam or hydrogen). Gas, LPG, gasoline, fuel, diesel.
Heavy oil
Tar, tar sand (sand and bitumen) - Canada. When the oil price is too high, the tar sand is exploited.
Oil shale.
Natural gas
No pre processing is needed, usually where the crude oil is found. Generated by anaerobic bacteria sitting on rocks
Methanhydrate
Metane in crystallized water. 500 m to 1000 m depths, largest reserve of any hydrocarbon.
Negative aspects of fracking
Additives are added to sand and water, to help the hydraulic fracture to stay open. Additives stay in the ground.
Contamination of ground water is possible.
Triggered earthquakes, the fracture could generate earthquakes.
Water can be flamable (methane).
Synthetic Fuels 2.0
RES (regenerative energy sources: solar, wind, geothermal, hydro, biomass)
- Power to fuels (methane, methanol - carbon neutral fuels),
- power to hydrogen (fuel cells, power plants),
- power to ammonia (fertilizer)
What’s the problem with most of the renewable fuel sources?
Energy conversion efficiency is very low.
Not economically feasible.
gross heating value
Gas (methane, natural gas, hydrogen 143) gross heating value [MJ/kg] 55, 50
Liquid: Mehanol, gasoline, crude shale 40
Solid: Kerogen, coal, high temperature coke 20-30
It sounds that hydrogen would be the highest one, but a very high volume is required for 1 kg.
High specific energy
Gasoline, Hidrocarbons, methanol
Lithium ion, Zn-Air, Pb-acid accumulators
Very high volume to store the same amount of energy. Energy storage per unit mass.
