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HD & T SG > Platelets, coagulation and bleeding/thrombotic disorders > Flashcards

Platelets, coagulation and bleeding/thrombotic disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when primary hemostasis aggregates with other platelets?

A

Form a surface for coagulation cascade

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2
Q

In secondary hemostasis, what organ makes most coagulation factors?

A

The liver

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3
Q

3 features of a platelet?

A
  1. Anucleated
  2. Lifespan ~10 days
  3. Circulating platelets do not adhere-during stasis, adhesion occurs
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4
Q

What is primary hemostasis generally initiated by?

A

Injury

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5
Q

Primary hemostasis adheres to subendothelium by interacting with what?

A

von Willebrand factor

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6
Q

In secondary hemostasis, what two things combine to form a stable clot?

A

Fibrin and platelet aggregates

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7
Q

Secondary hemostasis involves a series of what?

A

activating enzymatic conversions

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8
Q

In secondary hemostasis, which factors are vitamin k dependant?

A

Factors II, VII, IX and X

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9
Q

What is an example of a natural anticoagulants and how does it work?

A

protein C

Prevent growth of clot

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10
Q

What is the purpose of fibrinolysis?

A

It breaks down clot

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11
Q

What are 3 ways to asses hemostasis?

A
  • Platelet count (part of CBC)
  • Coagulation cascade (Prothrombin time-PT and partial thromboplastin time-PTT)
  • Fibrinolysis
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12
Q

What might be a reason for prolonged coagulation tests?

A

deficiency or inhibitor of a coagulation factor

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13
Q

What is a pathological counterpart of hemostasis?

A

Thrombotic disorders

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14
Q

What 3 things make up “Virchow’s triad”?

A

Endothelial injury
Abnormal blood flow
Hypercoagulability

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15
Q

6 acquired hypercoagulable states

A 
Surgery/trauma
Limb immobilization
Bedridden
Long-distance air travel
Pregnancy
Oral contraceptives
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16
Q

3 causes of blood disorders

A

Abnormal vessels
Decreased platelets/dysfunction
Abnormal factors

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17
Q

What are two causes of platelet-type bleeding?

A

thrombocytopenia, von Willebrand disease

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18
Q

3 causes of Thrombocytopenia

A

Decreased bone marrow production
Hemodilution due to multiple transfusions
Immune reaction due to platelet autoantibodies directed at platelet surface proteins

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19
Q

What platelet count might result in spontaneous bleeding?

A

<10-20,000

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20
Q

What platelet count might result in spontaneous bleeding?

A

<10-20,000

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21
Q

What kind of drugs can increase bleeding tendency?

A

Antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin

22
Q

What are two inherited abnormalities in coagulation factors?

A

von Willebrand disease, Hemophilia A and B

23
Q

What factor is von Willebrand disease associated with?

A

factor VIII

24
Q

What are two acquired abnormalities in coagulation factors?

A

liver disease, vitamin K deficiency

25
Q

What factors can alter CBC (complete blood count)?

A 
Iron deficiency
Medications
Alcohol
Infections
Gender
Pregnancy
26
Q

What is included in your CBC?

A

red and white blood cells and platelets

27
Q

What does the leukocyte count include?

A

all nucleated hematopoietic cells-except red blood cells

28
Q

White blood count is important in evaluating:

A

infections, some drug effects, radiation therapy

29
Q

What is a normal WBC

A

3500-10,000 cells/microliter

30
Q

What percent (and total number) of the WBC are neutrophils?

A

1800-6700 (55%)

31
Q

What percent (and total number) of the WBC are eosinophils?

A

0-570 (3%)

32
Q

What percent (and total number) of the WBC are lymphocytes?

A

1400-3900 (35%)

33
Q

Where would your WBC fall if you had leukocytosis?

A

> 10,000

34
Q

What are 3 causes of leukocytosis?

A

Chronic infection or inflammation
Exercise
Some leukemias

35
Q

(T/F) Microcytic anemia is when you have too many cells

A

False

36
Q

Microcytic patients with an iron deficiency often also have what?

A

Glossitis

37
Q

What are two causes of microcytic anemia?

A

Iron deficiency and lead poisoning

38
Q

(T/F) Macrocytic anemia is when you have too many cells

A

True

39
Q

3 causes of macrocytic anemia

A

Liver disease
Drugs
Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

40
Q

Macrocytic patients beacuse of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency often include what other types of symptoms?

A

neurological (paresthesia, weakness, dementia)

41
Q

What is leukemia?

A

systemically distributed neoplasms of white cells

42
Q

Acute myeloid or lymphatic leukemia shows no evidence of what?

A

maturation in blood or marrow

43
Q

In acute myeloid or lymphatic leukemia, what percentage of cells are blast (immature)?

A

> 20%

44
Q

What type of leukemia can have skin and gum infiltration?

A

Acute myeloid or lymphatic

45
Q

What are lymphomas, and what are the two specific types?

A

solid tumors of hematopoietic system/neoplasms of lymphoid tissue
Non-hodgkin, and Hodgkin

46
Q

Which type of lymphoma is curable in most patients?

A

Hodgkin

47
Q

What are the characteristics of non-hodgkin lymphoma?

A

indolent to very aggressive: survival is years to weeks depending on type

48
Q

Lymphomas usually have (enlarged/reduced), (painless/painful) lymphadenopathy

A

Enlarged, painless

49
Q

Both hodgkins and non-hodgkins are __________ ____________ at various developmental stages.

A

Clonal expansions

50
Q

Both hodgkins and non-hodgkins are __________ ____________ at various developmental stages.

A

Clonal expansions

HD & T SG (12 decks)

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