Drug List for Exam 2 Flashcards
Use of Mannitol
Intracranial pressure.
Osmotic agent. Thin Descending Limb
Use of Acetazolamide
Hypertension
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor (Less sodium available for pump). Proximal Convoluted Tubule.
Furosemide, Bumetanide
Hypertension, Heart failure
Loop Diuretic. Inhibit luminal Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter. Reduces NaCl reabsorption
Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalindone
Hypertension
Thiazides. Distal Convoluted Tubule Inhibit NaCl reabsorption by blocking Na+/Cl- transporter
Spironolactone
Hypertension
Potassium Sparing. Collecting Tubule. Prevent K+ secretion by blocking mineralocorticoid receptors, antagonize aldosterone
Captopril
Hypertension, heart failure Blood Pressure medication
ACE inhibitor, blocks conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Losarten
Hypertension
Angiotensin II inhibitor
Hydralazine
Hypertension, hypertensive crisis, heart failure
Release Nitric Oxide, smooth muscle relaxant
Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine
Hypertension, ischemic heart disease, Angina pectoris
Reduce Ca2+ influx, relax smooth and cardiac muscle
Minoxidil
Hypertension
Hyperpolarize smooth muscle membrane through K+ channels
ROGAIN!
Nitroglycerin, Amyl nitrate
Ischemic heart disease, Angina pectoris
Relax coronary arteries, decrease myocardial O2 consumption
Lovastatin, Atorvastin, Simvastatin
Hyperlipidemia
Statins. Competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA Reductase, reduce synthesis of cholesterol (LDL)
Fenobrate
Hyperlipidemia
Fibrate. Increase oxidation of fatty acids in liver and muscle, reduces VLDL
Niacin
Hyperlipidemia
Decreases triglyceride and LDL
What class (1, 2, 3, 4) is Propanolol
2
Cholesteramine
Hyperlipidemia
Bile acid-binding agent. Reduces reabsorption of bile acids
Digitalis, Digoxin
Heart failure
Increases intracellular Ca2+ and cardiac contractility, increases blood ejection
Milrinone
Heart failure
Bipyridine. Works like digitalis but wider margin of safety and more expensive.
Procainamide, Quinidine, lidocaine
Arrhythmias
Class 1 drug. Na+ channel blockade, slows action potential conduction
Propranolol
Hyperthyroidism, Hypertension, angina, open-angle glaucoma, arrhythmias
β-Blocker. Inhibit β adrenoreceptors inhibiting T4 to T3 conversion
Class 2 drug. B blocker.
Non-cardioselective B1 and B2 antagonists
Amiodarone
Arrhythmias
Class 3 drug. Prolongs refractory period.
Varapamil, diltiazem
Arrhythmias
Class 4 drug. Reduces Ca2+ influx, relaxes cardiac muscle. See above
Albuterol
Asthma
B2 selective agonists, directly relaxes smooth muscle, increases cAMP = inhibition of MLCK = bronchial relaxation
Salmeterol
Asthma, COPD
B2 selective agonist
Futicasone
Moderate to Severe Asthma
Corticosteroid
Theophylline
Mild asthma
Diaphragmatic fatigue in COPD
“Add on controller, methylxanthine drug”, Inhibits phosphodiesterase levels to increase cAMP
Ipratroprium Bromide
Asthma
Antimuscarinic, Reversible blockade of ACh, decrease contraction of airway smooth muscle
Montelukast
Prophylaxis and Chronic Asthma
Selective Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist (decrease airway edema and smooth muscle contraction)
Cromolyn
Prophylaxis of asthma
Inhibits activation of mast cells
Omalizumab
Uncontrollable chronic severe asthma
Inhibits IgE binding to receptor on mast cells
Tiotropium bromide
COPD
Long acting bronchodilators
Oseltamivir
Influenza A and B
Neuraminidase inhibitor prevents release of virus from host cell
Amantadine
Influenza A
(nearly 100% resistant)
Inhibits uncoating of viral RNA preventing viral assembly during replication
Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRTs)
Anti-smoking
Slow absorption of nicotine, reducing cravings and pleasurable feelings
Buproprion
Anti-smoking
Tetracyclic antidepressant, unknown mechanism
Varenaclin (Chantix)
Anti-smoking
Nicotine subunit selective agonist
Hydrochlorothiazide
Calcium Kidney stones
Reducing urine Ca2+
Sodium Bicarbonate
Uric acid, cystine and calcium kidney stones
Alkalinizes urine
Penicillamine
Cystine stones
Chelates cystine
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Struvite stones UTI
Antimicrobial Folate Synthesis inhibitor
Allopurinol
Uric acid stones
Reduces amount of uric acid made
Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA)
Struvite crystals
Irreversible inhibitor of bacterial urease
Fosfomycin trometamol
UTI
Antimicrobial
Ciprofloxacin/ Levofloxacin
UTI
3rd generation floroquinolones
Amoxicillin/ Clavulanate
UTI
B-Lactamase inhibitor
Atenolol
BP meds
B1 selective Antagonist, reduces bp
Heparin
Anticoagulant
Prevents clotting of blood to pass through dialysis machine
Thrombin
Clot forming
Cleaves fibrinogen to form fibrin, activates factor XIII
Protamine
Anti-Heparin
Basic molecule neutralizes acidic heparin
Warfarin
Anticoagulant
Blocks formation of vitamin K-dependent factors (II, VII, IX, X)
Aspirin
Anti-platelet
Blocks COX à blocks Thromboxane A2 which blocks platelet aggregate
Vitamin K
Clotting factors
Fat soluble vitamin, component of Factor II, VII, IX, X
Desmopressin
Clotting factors
Vasopressin V2 agonist, increases plasma concentration of vWf and VIII
Insulin (U-100)
Diabetes
Binds to insulin receptors, particularly in Liver, muscle, adipose, in presence of glucose in blood
Humalog (Lispro)
Diabetes
Rapid-acting insulin, resembles endogenous insulin secretion, taken pre-meal
Crystalline Zinc Insulin
Diabetes
Short-acting insulin. Effects take 30 mins, peaks at 2-3 hours, persists for 5-8 hours
Neutral Protein Hagedorn (NPH)
Diabetes
Intermediate-acting insulin. Combines insulin with protamine for delayed action
Insulin Glargine
Diabetes
Long-acting “peakless” insulin for background replacement. Attached to Arginine and Glycine
Insulin Determir
Diabetes
Long-acting background replacement. Threonine dropped and myristic acid to prolong availability
Tolbutamide, Tolazamide, Chlorpropramine
Diabetes
Sulfonylurea. Increase insulin release from β cells by blocking K+ channels
Glipizide, Glyburide, Glimepiride
Diabetes
2nd Generation Sulfonylureas
Rapaglinide
Diabetes
Glitinides, function at K+ channels
Metformin
Diabetes
Biguanide. Mechanism unknown, decreases glucose production on liver, increase efficiency of insulin binding.
Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone
Diabetes
Thiazolidinediones. Increase GLUT-4 expression, reducing insulin resistance, especially muscle & fat
Acarbose
Diabetes
α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Slow digestion and absorption of starches, disaccharades, etc. in small intestines
Sitagliptin (Januvia)
Diabetes Type 2
DPP-4 inhibitor, slows inactivation of incretin hormones, prolongs action of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Poplypeptide
Phentermine
Weight loss
Inhibits NE and DA uptake
Phentermine + Topiramate
Weight loss
Belviq
Weight loss
5-HT2C receptor agonists in hypothalamus activates pro-opiomelanocortin production suppressing appetite
Orlistat
Weight loss
Lipase inhibitor diminishes fat absorption by intestines. Explosive diarrhea
Methimazole, Propylthiouracil (PTU)
Hyperthyroidism
Thioamides. Inhibits thyroid peroxidase reactions and blocks iodine organification (T3/T4 production)
Lugol, Potassium iodide
Hyperthyroidism
Iodides. Inhibit organification and hormone release
Radioactive Iodine
Hyperthyroidism
Radiation destruction of thyroid parenchyma
Levothyroxine “synthroid” (T4)
Liothyronine (T3)
Hypothyroidism
Activation of nuclear receptors results in gene expression with RNA formation and protein synthesis
Hydrocortisone, cortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone
Glucocorticoids
Used for allergic reactions, infections, inflammation, skin diseases
Ketonazole
Cushing’s
Inhibits adrenal and gonadal steroid synthesis
Metyrapone
Cushing’s
Selective inhibitor of steroid 11-hydroxylation, interferes with cortisol and corticosterone synthesis
Mifepristone
Cushing’s
Antagonist at steroid receptors
Calcitonin
Paget’s and osteoporosis
Secreted by thyroid, inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption
Ibandronate, Alendronate sodium
Osteoporosis
Bisphosphonates. Suppresses activity of osteoclasts by inhibiting farnesyl pyrophosphate synthesis
Denosumab
Osteoporosis
Monoclonal anti-RANKL antibody (this blocks osteoclast activity)
Teriparatide
Osteoporosis
Stimulates new bone formation
Dabigatran
Anticoagulant
Has fewer side effects than Warfarin and is more popular than heparin or warfarin—affects PTT sensitive pathway, but has unique mechanisms that makes it distinct from heparin and warfarin. Used on out patient basis.