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plate tectonics Flashcards

1
Q

who discovered the continental drift theory

A

alfred wegner

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2
Q

what is the continental drift theory

A

all continents had originally been one big continent and began to break apart into the continents we have today

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3
Q

what is the one big continent called (consisted of the continents we have today)

A

pangaea

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4
Q

what are the evidences for the continental drift theory (4 evidences)

A

puzzle like fit
rock formations
matching fossils
climate evidence

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5
Q

a small reptile, couldnt have crossed the ocean yet its fossils were in south america and africa, proof of matching fossils

A

mesosaurus

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6
Q

a land plant found in africa, south america, australia etc. can be proof of matching fossils

A

glossopteris

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7
Q

how does climate evidence supporting the continental drift theory

A

glaciers near the equator - striations and deposits found in southern Africa and South America

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8
Q

what two reasons rejected the continental drift theory

A

wegner couldn’t find why the continents moved

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9
Q

where do earthquakes and volcanoes occur

A

plate boundaries

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10
Q

what is a plate boundary

A

2 plates are either pushing away, pulling away, or sliding against each other

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11
Q

how do earthquakes occur (strain, fractures)

A

strain builds up along boundaries and when it becomes too much fractures form and earthquakes occur

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12
Q

how do volcanoes form (heat, molten rock)

A

boundaries have a lot of heat flow, where molten rock moves up to the surface

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13
Q

what is a magnetic field (of earth)

A

invisibles lines of force that pass through earth from one pole to another

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14
Q

what does earths magnetic field do once and a while (hint: a compass would point to the south during this)

A

reversal

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15
Q

what is paleomagnetism and what was it used for

A

natural magnetism in rocks, determine locations of magnetic poles in rock

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16
Q

how did paleomagnetism help with evidence for seafloor spreading

A

discovery of strips of alternating polarity in rock

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17
Q

what is seafloor spreading

A

tectonic plates separating from each other and making new ocean floor material

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18
Q

where does seafloor spreading occur

A

mid-ocean ridges

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19
Q

seafloor spreading spreads about __ cm per year, rock and sediment are youngest near the _____ oldest near the _______

A

5, ridge, trenches

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20
Q

what are the layers of the earth from outer to inner (4 layers)

A

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

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21
Q

what is the lithosphere

A

rigid part, made of crust and mantle

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22
Q

what is the asthenosphere

A

under lithosphere, made of upper mantle, plates move around on top of asthenosphere

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23
Q

divergent boundary

A

two plates move apart

24
Q

convergent boundary

A

two plates collide into each other

25
Q

subduction zone

A

one oceanic plate is forced under another plate

26
Q

what are the three types of convergent boundaries

A

ocean-continental
ocean-ocean
continental-continental

27
Q

describe ocean-continental boundary and what it makes

A

less dense, plates float above and more dense ocean plates sink, forms volcanoes

28
Q

describe ocean-ocean boundary and what it makes

A

one ocean plate subducts under another plate, forms volcanic islands

29
Q

describe continental-continental boundary and what it makes

A

floats since lithosphere can’t be subducted, forms mountain ranges

30
Q

transform boundary

A

2 plates slide past each other horizontally, sliding motion can cause earthquakes

31
Q

where do mountains form

A

long belts near convergent plate boundaries, continental margin boundary (between ocean and cont. crust)

32
Q

what affects rocks at convergent boundaries

A

stress

33
Q

what are the 3 types of stress and define them

A

compression- squeezed inward
tension- stretched
shear- pushed in opposite directions

34
Q

during plate collision stress can cause rock layers to bend into ______

A

folds

35
Q

break in lithosphere where movement has occurred

A

fault

36
Q

what are the three types of faults and define each of them

A

normal- hanging wall moves down relative to footwall
reverse- handing wall move up relative to footwall
strike-slip- rocks on opposite sides of fault horizontally

37
Q

what is an earthquake

A

movement in ground caused by sudden rocks moving along a fault

38
Q

focus

A

location under earth’s surface where rocks begin to move or break

39
Q

epicenter

A

point on earth’s surface directly above the focus

40
Q

waves that travel from inside the earth

A

body waves

41
Q

primary - travel through solids and liquids, fastest seismic waves, back-and-forth motion

A

p waves

42
Q

secondary waves, travel only through solids, fast moving not as fast as p waves, side to side movement

A

s waves

43
Q

waves that travel along earths surface, move slowly, cause most damage

A

surface waves

44
Q

cause ground to move in a side to side motion

A

love wave

45
Q

particles of material move in circular patterns

A

rayleigh waves

46
Q

what tool is used to record waves made by an earthquake

A

seismograph

47
Q

the sheet a seismograph prints out and determines strength and location is called what

A

seismogram

48
Q

measure of amount of energy released

A

magnitude

49
Q

scale used to measure strength of earthquakes

A

richter scale

50
Q

scale used to measure amount of earthquake damage

A

modified mercalli

51
Q

large earthquakes followed by small rippling ones this is called

A

aftershocks

52
Q

movement of magma on earth

A

volcanism

53
Q

vent that magma and gases come out is a

A

volcano

54
Q

areas of volcanism that dont occur along plate boundaries

A

hot spots

55
Q

solid hot material from deep in mantle rises and reaches lithosphere

A

mantle plumes

56
Q

plume spreads out and magma breaks into surface forming…

A

hot spot volcanoes

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