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Biology > Plants + Animals > Flashcards

Plants + Animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Asexual reproduction

A

Is a process that results in the production of genetically identical offspring (clones) from one parent
Does not require gametes
Strawberry plants, spider plants

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2
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

Requires gametes
Fusion of male + female gametes to form a zygote
Lots of genetic variation

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3
Q

What is Mitosis used in

A

Asexual reproduction

2 daughter cells

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4
Q

What is Meiosis used in

A

Sexual reproduction

4 daughter cells

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5
Q

Give the differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Mitosis occurs in asexual reproduction and the 2 daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cell with only one cell division.

Meiosis = sexual reproduction, 2 cell divisions and the gametes have half the genetic material of the parent cell.

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6
Q

What is a Haploid cell

A

Half number of chromosomes in nucleus (23)

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7
Q

What is a Diploid cell

A

Complete cell (46 chromosomes)

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8
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tube

A

Takes the egg from the ovary to uterus

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9
Q

What is the ovary

A

Where the eggs are produced

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10
Q

What id the crevix

A

Holds grown=ing fetes in place

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11
Q

What do the glands do in males

A

Secrete a liquid to add to sperm, combined called semen

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12
Q

What is the sperm duct

A

Tube that allows sperm to travel from testes to penis

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13
Q

Give some ways in which the sperm cell has adapted

A

Flagellum to swim
Receptors o head to detect chemicals secreted by egg
Streamlined
Packed with mitochondria

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14
Q

How has the egg cell developed

A

Zona pelliccia hardens during fertilisation, prevents poly sperming

Big cell, contains nutrients for the zygote as it undergoes cell division

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15
Q

Explain the journey of the sperm

A

The sperm is made in the testes by Meiosis, the then travels up the sperm duct to uretha where it is joined by liquids to form semen. This will the be released into the vagina and by using its flagellum it is able to swim towards the crevix.

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16
Q

Define fertilisation

A

The fusion of male + female gametes

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17
Q

What is a zygote

A

The first fertilised egg

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18
Q

Give the journey of the egg (6 stages)

A

The unfertilised egg travels doen fallopian tube

Egg is fertilised by sperm

The zygote undergoes cell division (Mitosis) to form an embryo

The embryo implants into the thickened uterus wall, a placenta develops

The embryo continues to grow, the amniotic fluid acts to protect it

The fully developed foetus is ready to be born

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19
Q

What is the function of the placenta

A

Attachment that develops from fetes to mothers uterus, allows embryo to extract nutrients from blood

20
Q

How has the placenta adapted

A

Villi, large surface area
High concentration gradient
Villi have thin walls

21
Q

What travels into the umbilical cord

A

Oxygen
Glucose
Amino acids
Vitamens

22
Q

What travels out of the umbilical cord

A

Carbon dioxide

Urea

23
Q

What does Oestrogen do

A

Made in Ovaries
Development of secondary characteristics (breast growth, menstruation)
Repairs Uterus lining

24
Q

What is Progesterone

A

Made in Ovaries
Regulates menstrual cycle
Maintains lining of Uterus

25
Q

What is Testosterone

A

Made in Testes

Development of secondary male characteristics

26
Q

What is FSH

A

Made in Pitduraly gland
Stimulates spem production in Men
Maturation of egg cells in women

27
Q

What is LH

A

Stimulates Ovulation

28
Q

Define Puberty

A

A time period in which bodily changes occur yo make individual reproductivity ready

29
Q

What happens on Day 1

A

Uterus lining breaks down, menstruation occurs
Low levels of Oestrogen and Progesterone
Ash stimulating development of egg

30
Q

What happens on Day 7

A

Uterus lining thickens again, stimulated by Oestrogen

31
Q

What happens on Day 14

A

Ovulation ocurres

Stimulated by LH

32
Q

What happens on Day 21

A

Uterus lining is maintained by high levels of progesterone

33
Q

What is Menstruation

A

The breaking down of the uterus lining

34
Q

What is the menstrual cycle

A

The continuous sequence of events in the woman’s reproductive system

35
Q

What is the function of the Anther

A

Produces the male gametes

36
Q

What is the Style

A

Positions Stigma to accept pollen grains. Pollen tube will grow through the style

37
Q

Define pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of plant

38
Q

Give the difference for the stigma in wind and insert pollinated plants

A

Insect - Found within the flower, insect brush it as they enter, often sticky

Wind - Extend out of flower, feathery to catch pollen, large

39
Q

What is the stigma

A

Where the pollen grins attach to

40
Q

Give the difference win pollen in wind and insect pollinated plants

A

Insect =

  • Large + stick to attach
  • Small quantities
  • Heavy
  • Some have spikes

Wind =
- Lighter to be carried by wind

41
Q

What does the pollen tube allow

A

The nucleus to travel from the pollen grin to the ovary

42
Q

How does the pollen tube grow dow through the style

A

Pollon grain secretes enzymes that clear a path to the ovary

43
Q

What does the ovary become after fertilisation

A

A fruit

44
Q

What does the Ovule become after fertilisation

A

A seed

45
Q

Give 3 factors required for germination

A

Moisture
Warmth
Oxygen

Biology (16 decks)

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