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Biology > Co-ordination and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Co-ordination and Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nervous system

A

A complex network of nerves that carry complex messages to and from the brain / spinal cord and to the rest of the body

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2
Q

What is the CNS

A

The central nervous system made up of the brain + spinal cord

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3
Q

Give 5 receptors and what they do

A 
Eardrum - Vibrations in air + balance
Tongue  - Chemicals in food + drink
Skin - Pain, pressure
Eyes - Detect light
Nose - Chemicals in air
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4
Q

What is the neural pathway

A

Stimuli - Receptor - Sensory neurone - Co-ordianator - Motor neurone - Effector

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5
Q

What is the relay neurone

A

Transfers the message across the CNS

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6
Q

In a reflex reaction where does the message go

A

The spinal cord - quicker

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7
Q

Give the reflex arc

A

Stimulus - Receptor - Sensory neurone - CNS - Relay neurone - Motor neurone - Effector

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8
Q

Neurons do not…..each other, instead there is a tiny gap which are called…..

A

Touch

Synapses

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9
Q

How do the impulses get across the neurones

A

The impulse arrives at the presynaptic neurone, the chemical messenger is released into the synapse.

The chemical messenger diffuses across the synapse because the synapse is only 20 nanometer wide, it takes a very short time

On the other side of the synapse, the neurotransmitter binds with a receptor molecule on the membrane of the postsynaptic neutron. When it binds, it stimulates a new impulse in the postsynaptic neurone.

Finally, the chemical messenger is reabsorbed back into the presynaptic neurone ready to be used again.

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10
Q

What are neurotransmitters stored in

A

Tiny packages called vesicles

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11
Q

The eye is a…..organ

A

Sense

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12
Q

What does the eye do

A

Acts as a light receptor and sends electrical messages to the brain in a way that allows us to distinguish different out intensities and colours

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13
Q

What are rods

A

Found in the Retina
Black and white image
Works in dim light

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14
Q

What are cones

A

Colour image
Works better in bright light
Gives clearer image
Concentrated in the Fovea

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15
Q

What happens to the eye when focusing on a distant object

A

Ciliary muscles relax
Suspensory ligaments stretch and tighten
Lens flattens
Rarefaction is reduced

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16
Q

What happens to the eye when focusing on a near object

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments become slack
Shape of sense becomes rounded

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17
Q

What happens to the eye under dim light

A

Pupil dilates

Radial muscles contract
Circular muscles relax

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18
Q

What happens to the eye in bright light

A

Pupil gets smaller

Circular muscles contracts
Radial muscles relax

19
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messages

20
Q

Where are hormones produced

A

By endocrine glands, and are secreted directly into the blood and are carried around the body within the plasma

21
Q

What do hormones do when detected

A

Alter the action of the cell or organ

22
Q

What is a gland

A

An organ that secretes a chemical which then travels elsewhere in the body

23
Q

What does insulin do

A

Causes glucose to be stored as glycogen.

Encourages liver cells to take up glucose

24
Q

What does adrenaline do

A

Breathing + heart rate increases.
Pupils dilate
blood diverted to muscles
Mental awareness increases

25
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The maintains of a constant internal environment

26
Q

Give 4 things that the body needs to control

A

Core body temperature
Blood water levels
Ion content
Blood glucose levels

27
Q

Give two hormones that are involved with homeostasis

A

ADH - blood water levels

Insulin - blood glucose levels

28
Q

What is glycogen

A

A store of glucose
Long branched chains
Stored in liver and muscles
Forms insoluble granules

29
Q

What is the role of insulin

A

To promote the formation of glycogen in the liver, from glucose

30
Q

What is the role of glucagon

A

Promotes the break down of glycogen to glucose

31
Q

What happens when the blood sugar levels are high

A

Release of insulin
Formation of glycogen in liver form glucose
Blood sugar levels decrease

32
Q

What happens when blood sugar levels are low

A

Release of glucagon
Stimulates the break down of glycogen
Glucose is released into the blood

33
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

Inherited
Beta cells in pancreas stop producing insulin
Insulin injections needed before meals

34
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

Common in those who are obese

Body does bot respond to insulin

35
Q

Where do skin receptors send their signals to

A

Hypothalamus

36
Q

What happens to the skin when we get very cold

A

Blood vessels in the skin vas constrict, heat is not lost.

Shivering releases heat through respiration

Hairs stand up to trap a layer of hair to insulate

Sweat glands decrease sweat production

37
Q

What happens to the skin when we get very hot

A

Blood vessels in skin vasodilator - heat can radiate away (blood vessels bigger so more heat can be lost as closer to the surface of the skin)

Sweat glands increase sweat production, cools body as it evaporates

Hairs lie flat, do not insulate

38
Q

What is a tropism

A

A tropism is a direct response, plants grow to wards or away from the stimulus

39
Q

What is Phototropism

A

The growth in the response to light

40
Q

What is Hydrotropism

A

Growth in response to water

41
Q

What is Geotropism

A

The growth in response to gravity

42
Q

If the direction of growth is towards the stimulus, then it is……

A

Positive

43
Q

What happens to the plant when there is lots of light (auxins)

A

The meristem releases the auxins when detect light.

If the light is directly above, the auxins are evenly released.

If the light is coming in at an angle, they release more auxins on the shaded side of the plant, so that the plant elongates to one side

Biology (16 decks)

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