Plants and food (Chapter 10) Flashcards
What are plants and animals known as?
plants - producers
animals - consumers
What is difference between chloroplasts and chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll - green pigment in the plant
Chloroplast - organelle that keep chlorophyll in plant
Give the formula of photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 —-light energy—-> C6H12O6 + 6O2
In what part of the day does plant do more respiration and photosynthesis?
Day time - Photosynthesis > Respiration
Night time - Photosynthesis < Respiration
Which prevent the water from entering or existing the leaf?
Waxy cuticle
Tell the process of testing leaves for starch?
- Remove the wax by boiling in water
- Remove the color by boiling in ethanol
- Heat in a water bath
- Wash the leaf with cold water to soften it
- Add iodine solution
- Part of the plant that turns into blue black color has starch
What are safety precautions when carrying out the testing leaves for starch experiment?
- Don’t heat the ethanol directly (heat it in water)
- Turn off Bunsen burner
- Wear gloves and goggles
What are the conditions needed for photosynthesis?
- CO2
- (H20)
- Light
- Chloroplasts
What do we needed to do before testing the condition needed for leaf to make starch?
We need to de-starch the plant by placing it in the dark for 2 or 3 days.
Where are de-starched plants used?
They are used to find out the conditions needed for the plant to make more starch during photosynthesis.
What are needed to test the need of chloroplast and CO2 during photosynthesis on the leaf?
Test for chloroplast - Variegated leaf
Test for CO2 - Soda lime
What is a variegated plant?
A plant that has green and white areas on its leaves.
What does soda lime do?
It absorbs the carbon dioxide.
How can you test whether the plant produces oxygen?
When a piece of plant is placed in a test tube of water under bright light, it produces a stream of small bubbles meaning that it produces oxygen.
Plant make starch directly.
False, they first produce glucose.
How to test whether water is used in photosynthesis?
By supplying the plant with water with labeled atoms like heavy isotopes of oxygen (18 O)
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is where a plant use carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of chlorophyll and light, to make glucose and oxygen.
What is the role of chlorophyll?
To absorb the light energy needed for the reaction to take place.
What does photosynthesis convert?
It converts light energy into chemical energy.
Where does the chemical energy in the glucose originally come from?
Light trapped by the process of photosynthesis.
Which plant organ is best adapted for photosynthesis?
Leaf
What is needed for leaves to be able to photosynthesis efficiently?
They need to have
- a large surface area to absorb light
- many chloroplasts containing the
chlorophyll - a supply of water and carbon dioxide
What does outer layers of the cell cover with?
Cuticle
What is the function of a waxy cuticle?
- It reduces water loss through evaporation
- It acts as a barrier to the entry of pathogens.
What does the lower epidermis have?
Stoma
What is the function of a stoma?
It
- allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf
- oxygen and water vapor to diffuse out.
How each stomata formed?
It is formed as a gap between two guard cells.
Which change the shape of stomata?
Guard cells
What layer is in the middle of the leaf?
palisade mesophyll layer, a tissue made of long, narrow cells, each containing hundreds of chloroplasts, and is the main site of photosynthesis.
How upper epidermis allow light to pass through?
It is relative transparent
What is below palisade layer?
Spongy mesophyll layer
What is the function spongy cells?
They form the main gas exchange surface of the leaf, absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen and water vapor.
Which allows the gases to diffuse in and out of the mesophyll?
Air spaces
How are the water and mineral ions supplied to the leaf?
By xylem
How the water get into mesophyll cells?
Water is absorb by the roots and passes up through the stem and through veins in the leaves.
Which carry the products of photosynthesis by mesophyll cells?
The phloem
What does the veins in the leaf contain?
xylem and phloem tissue
Which supplies other parts of the plants with products of photosynthesis?
phloem
How are water and minerals ions supplied to the leaf?
By xylem
What does phloem carry?
Phloem carries only soluble substances such as sugars (mainly sucrose) and amino acids.
What does the plant do when light intensity is high?
It carries out photosynthesis at a much higher rate than it respires.
How carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere change throughout the day?
- Air contained the least carbon dioxide in the afternoon when photosynthesis was happening at the highest rate.
- The level of carbon dioxide rose at night time when there was no photosynthesis
What is used to indicate the changes in carbon dioxide concentration?
Hydrogen carbonate indicator solution
What are the changes to hydrogen carbonate solution with different concentrations of carbon dioxide?
- High concentration of CO2 - yellow
- CO2 in normal air - orange
- Low concentration of CO2 - purple
What are limiting factors of photosynthesis?
- Light intensity
- Carbon dioxide concentration
- Temperature
What happen if the limiting factor is short supplied?
It will affect its reaction rate
What is the main sugar carried in the phloem?
Sucrose
Plant can convert glucose into what?
Lipids
How does lipid used in plants?
- It is used for the membranes of the cell
- For energy stored in many seeds and fruits
What is another name for soil-free culture?
water culture
Can plants be grown without soil?
Yes, if the correct balance of minerals is added to the water.
What is a complete culture solution?
The solution contains chemicals that provide all the main elements the plants need to make proteins, DNA, chlorophyll, and other components from glucose.
What does a shortage of a particular mineral result?
Mineral deficiency disease
What are uses and deficiency symptoms of nitrate?
Uses - making amino acids, proteins, chlorophyll, DNA
Deficiency symptom - Limited growth of plant, older leaves turn yellow
What are uses and deficiency symptoms of phosphate?
Uses - making DNA; part of cell membranes
Deficiency symptoms - poor root growth, younger leaves turn purple
What are uses and deficiency symptoms of potassium?
Uses - needed for enzymes for respiration and photosynthesis to work
Deficiency symptoms - leaves turn yellow with dead spots
What are the uses and deficiency symptoms of magnesium?
Uses - part of the chlorophyll molecule
Deficiency symptoms - leaves turn yellow
What does a plant use to absorb mineral ions?
Active transport
