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Biology > Chapter 15 (Human Influence On The Environment) > Flashcards

Chapter 15 (Human Influence On The Environment) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the demand we needed with the increasing population?

A
  • Food supply
  • Materials to build structures
  • Fuel to heat homes and power vehicles
  • Space to build homes, schools and others
  • Space to dump our wastes
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2
Q

How do farmers make profit from their farms?

A

They try to control the environment to maximize their crop yields.

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3
Q

What are some factors controlled by the farmer to maximize crop yield?

A
  • Soil ions
  • Soil structure
  • Soil Ph
  • CO2, light, heat
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4
Q

How can farmers control soil ions and why?

A
  • Adding fertilizers
  • Growing in hydroponic culture

Extra ions for plants

  • To make protein
  • For growth
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5
Q

How can farmers control soil structure and why?

A
  • Ploughing (Break up compacted soil)
  • Adding manure (improve drainage, aeration)

It can provide better uptake of mineral ions and water.

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6
Q

How can farmers control soil ph?

A

By adding lime (calcium salts) to acidic soil

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7
Q

How can farmers control the rate of CO2, light intensity and temperature?

A

Growing in glasshouses or polytunnel

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8
Q

Why greenhouses can provide controlled conditions for plants to grow?

A
  • Transparent wall allow enough natural light in summer and additional lighting in winter for longer day allowing photosynthesis
  • It has greenhouse effect increasing the temperature
  • Glasshouses can be heated manually
  • Usage of fossil fuels provide CO2, water vapors.
  • Growing in hydroponic culture provide right balance of mineral ions for crops
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9
Q

Why glasshouses have greenhouse effect?

A

Short wavelength infrared waves enter the glasshouse and got absorbed by greenhouse gases and re-radiated as longer wavelength which cannot escape through the the glass heating up the house.

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10
Q

What does water vapor do in the glass house?

A
  • It maintains a moist atmosphere
  • It reduce the water loss by transpiration
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11
Q

What are the green houses gases?

A
  • CO2
  • Methane
  • Water vapor
  • Chlorofluorocarbons
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12
Q

What does green houses gases increase the earth’s temperature?

A

They absorb the infrared radiation (heat) come from the sunlight warming up the atmosphere.

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13
Q

Why drainage around soil is not good?

A

Denitrifying bacteria are found in swampy soil which convert nitrate into nitrogen gases stealing ions from plants.

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14
Q

What do farmers do to replace lost nitrogen in soil?

A

Adding fertilizer.

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15
Q

Why do farmers have to monitor carefully about the amount of fertilizer added?

A

To ensure the maximum growth and yield of the crop

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16
Q

Using excessive fertilizers save money.

A

False

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17
Q

What are 2 main types of fertilizers?

A

Organic and inorganic

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18
Q

What are difference between organic and inorganic fertilizer?

A
  • Organic - faeces of farm animals mixed with straw
  • Inorganic - potassium nitrate or ammonium nitrate manufactured by factories
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19
Q

What is another name of organic fertilizer?

A

Farmyard manure

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20
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using organic and inorganic fertilizer?

A

Organic - improve soil structure, can only replace portion of lost nitrogen

Inorganic - can’t improve soil structure but can replace nitrate and ions lost

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21
Q

Why farmyard manure can improve soil structure?

A

They contain decaying matters

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22
Q

What is another way apart from adding to replace lost nitrogen and how it work?

A

Growing legume crop which has nitrogen fixing bacteria in nodules on their roots.

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23
Q

What are pests?

A

Organisms that reduce the yield of crop plants or stock animals.

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24
Q

How can a pest harm yield of a crop?

A
  • Lowering the amount by reducing growth
  • Affecting the appearance or quality of a crop
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25
Q

What are the ways to control pest number?

A
  • Using chemical pesticides
  • Using biological control
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26
Q

What are name of pesticides for different organisms?

A

plant - herbicides
insect - insecticides
fungi - fungicides
mollus - molluscicides

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27
Q

What is an example of plant pests?

A

Weed

28
Q

What are examples of insect pests?

A

Caterpillars and whiteflies

29
Q

When are pest considered as problem?

A

When they are present in big enough numbers to cause economic damage.

30
Q

What is monoculture?

A

Cultivating large areas of land with a single crop.

31
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage of monoculture?

A
  • make harvesting the crop easier
  • Encourage pests
32
Q

What is crop rotation and what is its advantage?

A

Crop rotation is where a different crop is grown each year.

Advantage - breaks the pest cycle

33
Q

What are disadvantages of using pesticides?

A
  • Pest may develop a resistance to the chemical
  • They are not specific
  • They can cause environmental damage
34
Q

What are some properties of ideal pesticide?

A
  • Be biodegradable
  • Be safe to transport
  • Be easy to apply
35
Q

What does biological control use?

A

It uses another organism to reduce the number of a pest.

36
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage of using biological control?

A
  • It is specific
  • But it never fully gets rid of a pest
37
Q

What are some examples of methods of biological factors?

A
  • Introducing natural predator
  • Introducing herbivore
  • Introducing a parasite
  • Introducing a pathogenic
  • Introducing sterile males
  • Using pheromones
38
Q

What are sterile males?

A

These mate with females but no offspring is produced.

39
Q

What is pheromones?

A

Natural chemicals (produced by insects) used to attract pests to traps.

40
Q

What is pollution?

A

Pollution is the contamination of the environment by harmful substances that are produced by the activities of humans.

41
Q

What are the reasons for increased CO2 in atmosphere?

A
  • Increase burning of fossil fuels
  • Increasing usage of vehicles
  • Heavy deforestation
42
Q

What is another name for global warming?

A

Enhanced greenhouse effect

43
Q

What is one example of green house gas which is not created by humans?

A

Chlorofluorocarbons

44
Q

Greenhouse gases trap the longer wavelength infrared radiation.

A

True

45
Q

What are the consequences of global warming?

A
  • Polar ice cap melts
  • Sea level rise
  • Flood with occur
  • Habitat destruction
  • Species migrate/ extinct
  • Change in climate and rainfall patterns
46
Q

How are methane produced?

A
  • Decomposition of wastes materials
  • Cattle farming
  • Fermentation by bacteria in rice fields
47
Q

What is difference between CO2 and methane?

A

Each molecule of methane has a much bigger greenhouse effects.

48
Q

How are chlorofluorocarbon produced?

A
  • Spray
  • Refrigerator
49
Q

Where is Carbon monoxide be found?

A

Exhaust gases

50
Q

What will happen if person inhale large amount of carbon monoxide?

A

It may lose consciousness and eventually die, as no oxygen is reaching the cells, for the organs to work.

51
Q

What does acid rain contain?

A
  • Sulfur dioxide
  • Nitrogen oxides
52
Q

How does sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides form acid?

A

By combining with water droplets in the air.

53
Q

What is the ph of normal rain?

A

5.5

54
Q

What are used to monitor the different levels of sulfur dioxide pollution?

A

Patterns of lichen growth

55
Q

The darker the lichen?

A

The higher level of sulfur dioxide

56
Q

What produce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides?

A
  • Volcanic eruption
  • Lightening
  • Burning of fossil fuels
57
Q

What are consequences of acid rain?

A
  • Damage limestone building
  • Acidification of lakes and soils
  • Death of conifers
58
Q

Why does deforestation occur?

A

It occurs due to the enormous growth of the human population.

59
Q

What are consequences of deforestation?

A
  • Global warming
  • Soil erosion
  • Leaching of minerals ions

(- Habitat destruction
- Reduced soil quality
- Exposed soil
- Climate change)

60
Q

How to solve deforestation?

A
  • Reforestation
  • Law for deforestation
61
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

Well-fed.
It refers to a situation where large amounts of nutrients enter a body of water.

62
Q

What are 2 main sources of eutrophication?

A
  • From untreated or treated sewage
  • From inorganic fertilizer
63
Q

What is leaching?

A

Streams and rivers that run through agricultural lands which use artificial fertilizer become concentrated with nitrate and phosphate.

64
Q

What are consequences of eutrophication?

A
  • Algae bloom
  • Blocking sunlight
  • Prevent photosynthesis and plant died
  • Death of algae
  • Decomposition by bacteria
  • Bacteria used up oxygen
  • Fish and aquatic animals died
65
Q

What to prevent eutrophication?

A

Using organic fertilizer

Biology (14 decks)

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