Chemical coordination Flashcards
What is a gland?
Gland is a organ that release or secrete substances, they produce chemical which leave through the cell membrane and travel somewhere in the body to carries out its function.
What are types of glands?
Exocrine
Endocrine
What is difference between exocrine and endocrine gland?
Exocrine glands secrete their products through a tube called duct.
Endocrine glands have no ducts and they secrete the hormones into the blood vessels that pass through the glands.
Why hormones can travel to all area of the body?
Because hormones are carried in the blood.
What are the organs and tissue that certain hormones affect?
Target organs
Which kind of tissues or organ does hormones affect?
Hormones affect particular tissues or organs which cells contain special chemical receptors for particular hormone.
What is difference between nervous and endocrine system?
Nervous system
- Worked by nerve impulses transmitted through the nerve cells
- Nerve impulses travel fast and has instant effect
- Response for nervous system is short lived
- Nerve impulses have localized effect
Endocrine system
- Worked by the hormones transmitted through the blood stream
- Hormones travel slowly and take time to act
- Response for endocrine system is long lasting
- Hormones have widespread effect
Where does pituitary gland are found?
At the base of the brain.
Where does adrenal gland are found?
Above the kidneys
Where do pancreas are found?
Between kidneys
Which gland can be found in the neck?
Thyroid
Which kind of hormone does pituitary produce?
Follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) which stimulate the egg development and oestrogen production in females and sperm production in males.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) which stimulate the egg release in female and production of testosterone in males.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which control the water contents of the blood.
Which kind of hormone does thyroid produce?
Thyroid produce thyroxine which controls the metabolic rate.
Which kind of hormone does pancreas produce?
Insulin which reduce the glucose level in blood
Glucagon which increases the glucose level in blood
Which kind of hormone does adrenals produce?
Adrenaline which prepares body for physical activity
Which kind of hormone does testes produce?
Testosterone which controls the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.
Which kind of hormone does ovaries produce?
oestrogen which controls the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
progesterone which regulate the menstrual cycle
Is pancreas exocrine and endocrine?
It is both exocrine and endocrine
Which control the hormone secretion of pituitary?
Hypothalamus
When do our adrenal glands secrete adrenaline?
When we are afraid, excited or angry.
What does adrenaline do to our body in flight and fight situation?
- Increase the breathing rate with deeper breathe, taking up more oxygen.
- Increase the heartbeat, sending more blood to the muscles to give more glucose and oxygen for respiration.
- Blood is diverted away from intestine, towards the muscle
- Glycogen in the liver turn back to glucose which muscle cells absorb for respiration
- Our pupils dilate, increase visual sensitivity to movement
- Body hair stands upright, making the animal look larger
- Our mental awareness increase, making our reactions faster.
Other than flight and fight situation, in which situation, adrenaline is released in humans?
In stressful situations like exams or interviews.
What does liver cell contain?
It contain glycogen
When does adrenaline raise blood glucose concentration?
In emergency situation
When other hormones control the glucose level in blood?
Other hormones act all the time to keep glucose level constant at a little less than 1 g of glucose every dm cube.
What is the main hormone controlling glucose?
Insulin
What does insulin do?
Insulin stimulate the liver cells to take up glucose and covert it into glycogen, which lowers the level of glucose in the blood.
What happened to glucose in the liver?
In the liver, glucose is converted into glycogen by insulin
What is diabetes disease?
Diabetes is a disease where the pancreas cannot make enough insulin to keep the constant blood glucose level.
What is 2 ways diabetes can be tested?
By chemical test on urine
By special sensor
Normal people have glucose in their urine.
False
What is type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is a disease where the pancreas produce insulin but the body shows insulin resistance, which means, insulin has less effect than it should do.
Which kind of people are likely to have type 2 diabetes?
Overweight people and people who consume poor diet with plenty of sugary products.
How to prevent type 2 diabetes?
By eating healthy diet and doing exercise regularly, the type 2 diabetes can be prevented.
Why we become thirsty when we have diabetes?
Because high blood glucose level stimulate the receptors in the hypothalamus.
What can severe diabetes can lead to?
Severe diabetes can lead to weight loss, become weak, fell into coma eventually died.
What does people with diabetes (type 1) need to do?
They need to receive daily injections of insulin to keep constant blood glucose level.
