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Blood and circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is blood pumped around?

A

Blood is pumped around the close circuit made up of heart and blood vessels.

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2
Q

What does blood transport?

A

oxygen from lungs to all other parts of the body
Carbon dioxide from all other parts of the body to lungs
Nutrients from the gut to all other parts of the body
Urea form liver to the kidneys

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3
Q

What are other functions of blood?

A

It transports hormones, antibodies and other substances around the body
It also distributes heat around the body.

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4
Q

Do single cell organism have circulatory system?

A

No

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5
Q

How single celled organisms obtain oxygen?

A

They obtain oxygen by diffusion through their cell surface membrane.

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6
Q

What does the area of cell surface determines?

A

It determines the amount of oxygen that the organism can get (supply rate).

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7
Q

What does volume of the cell determines?

A

It determines the amount of oxygen that organism use (demand rate)

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8
Q

How did large organelles evolve to get oxygen while they can’t get all the oxygen they need through their surface area?

A

They evolved special gas exchange organs and circulatory system.

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9
Q

What are 2 main types of circulatory systems in animals?

A

Single circulatory system
Double circulatory system

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10
Q

What is single circulatory and double circulatory systems?

A

Single circulatory - system that blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ and then directly to the rest of the body.

Double circulatory - system that blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organs and back to the heart, then to the rest of the body.

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11
Q

Single circulatory system is more efficient than double circulatory system.

A

False

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12
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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13
Q

What do arteries, veins and capillaries carry?

A

Arteries carry blood away from heart, toward other organs.

Veins carry blood toward the heart and away from other organs.

Capillaries carry blood through organs, linking arteries and veins.

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14
Q

What are the names of upper heart and lower heart?

A

Atrium
Ventricle

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15
Q

What are the names of veins that carry the deoxygenated blood into heart(right atrium)?

A

superior vena cava (from upper body)
Inferior vena cava (from lower body)

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16
Q

What does valve in heart do?

A

It ensure the blood is flow in only one direction and avoid backflowing of blood.

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17
Q

Why left ventricle is bigger than right ventricle?

A

Because it requires more pressure to send the oxygenated blood to all part of the body.

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18
Q

What is the biology term of relating to lungs?

A

pulmonary

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19
Q

What divides the left and right part of the heart and why is it important?

A

Septum without it, oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood can be mixed.

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20
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Deoxygenated blood leaves the hart through the pulmonary artery and circulated in the lungs where it become oxygenated, oxygenated blood return to the heart through pulmonary veins.

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21
Q

Where do left ventricle and right ventricle pump?

A

Right ventricle pumped deoxygenated blood to the lungs through pulmonary artery
Left ventricle pumped oxygenated blood to all other parts of the body across aorta.

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22
Q

How does oxygenated blood leave the heart?

A

Oxygenated blood leave the heart through the aorta.

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23
Q

What is the name of circulatory that provide energy for heart to work?

A

Coronary circulation

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24
Q

What is the valve name between right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Atrioventricular valve

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25
Q

What is the valve name between left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid valve

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26
Q

What are three types of muscles?

A

Skeletal muscle (muscle attaching to bones, can get tired)
Smooth muscle (muscle in the intestine)
Cardiac muscle (muscle attaching heart, never tired)

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27
Q

Which muscles does the wall of heart made up of?

A

Cardiac muscle

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28
Q

What is coronary arteries’ function?

A

Coronary arteries carry blood to the capillaries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.

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29
Q

What coronary arteries can be easily blocked by build-up fatty substances?

A

Because they are one of the narrowest blood vessels in body.

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30
Q

What will happen if fatty substances block coronary arteries?

A

It cut off the blood supply to the cardiac muscle which mean no oxygen or glucose received to respire and release energy making heart unable to contract leading heart disease.

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31
Q

What are the factors that make coronary heart disease more likely?

A

Heredity
High blood pressure
Smoking
Stress
Diet
lack of exercise

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32
Q

What is normal heart beat rate for normal person?

A

50 - 100 (70)

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33
Q

Heart beat rate can change according to the ——.

A

needs of the body

34
Q

How heart deliver the extra oxygen?

A

Heart increase its heart beat(number of heat beat per minute) and stroke volume (volume of oxygen pumped with each beat) to deliver extra oxygen to the body.

35
Q

What are condition that can increase our heart rate?

A

When we exercise, angry or afraid

36
Q

What is flight response?

A

When we are angry or afraid, our heat beat increase which release extra energy through aerobic respiration allowing us to fight back or run away.

37
Q

How is flight response triggered?

A

Secretion of adrenaline from adrenaline glands.

38
Q

Why our have lower heart rate when we sleep?

A

Because our organs work slowly while we are sleeping

39
Q

How medulla responds upon receiving signals from receptors in the aorta and the carotid artery?

A

It sends out nerve impulse along the acceleration nerve to the pacemaker of the heart.

40
Q

What are differences of arteries and veins?

A

Arteries have thick walls with more muscle fibers and elastic tissue, veins has thin wall with less muscle fibers and elastic tissues.

Arteries has small lumen, Veins has large lumen

Arteries doesn’t have value while vein have valve.

41
Q

What is elastic tissue function in the walls of arteries?

A

It allow them to stretch and recoil maintaining blood pressure.

42
Q

Veins are thinner than arteries.

A

True

43
Q

Substances are transferred between the —– and the cells.

A

Blood in the capillaries

44
Q

Why blood is red?

A

Because it contains plenty of red blood cell which carry hemoglobin with red pigment.

45
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells

46
Q

What are types of white blood cells?

A

lymphocytes
Phagocytes
Platelets

47
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is the liquid part of the blood

48
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells are highly specialized cells made in the bone marrow.

49
Q

What is plasma’s function?

A

It carry substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, dissolved nutrients and hormones around the body.

50
Q

What is red blood cells function?

A

It transport oxygen with hemoglobin in them around the body.

51
Q

What is difference between lymphocytes and phagocytes?

A

lymphocytes
- are about the same size as red blood cells
- with large spherical nucleus and
- release antibodies to destroy bacteria and micro-organism

Phagocytes are
- much larger than red cells
- have large spherical or lobed nucleus
- digest and destroy bacteria.

52
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Platelets release chemicals to make blood cloth when we cut ourselves.

53
Q

Red blood cells have limited life span.

A

True

54
Q

What does red blood cell contain and what it that?

A

It contain hemoglobin which is iron containing protein which associated with oxygen to produce oxyhaemoglobin when there is high concentration of oxygen in the surroundings.

55
Q

When the oxyhaemoglobin turn back into haemoglobin and oxygen?

A

When there is less concentration of oxygen in surrounding

56
Q

In which part of the body does oxyhaemoglobin form and in where the substance is broken down into haemoglobin and oxygen?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin formed inside the lungs. and it is broken down in tissues.

57
Q

Red blood cells contain nucleus.

A

False

58
Q

Why red blood cells are efficient for transfer of oxygen in body?

A
  • They doesn’t have nucleus which mean more haemoglobin can be fit within them.
  • It has biconcave to allow efficient exchange of oxygen in and out of the cell.
  • It has high surface area to volume ratio.
  • Its shape provide short diffusion distance to the center of the cell.
59
Q

What is the result of less red blood cell?

A

Amaenia

60
Q

What is the main role of white blood cell?

A

Their main role is to protect the body against the invasion of pathogens.

61
Q

What are 2 main ways white blood cells destroy disease causing micro-organisms?

A

Production of antibodies and phagocytosis

62
Q

How many percent of white blood cells are phagocytes?

A

70%

63
Q

How white blood cell do phagocytosis?

A

White blood cells do phagocytosis by changing its shape, extending their cytoplasm called pseudopodia , trapping the micro-organism.

64
Q

What does phagocyte do to break down the micro-organism?

A

They secrete enzymes into the vacuole containing micro-organism to break them down.

65
Q

How many percent of white blood cells are lymphocytes?

A

25%

66
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Antibodies are soluble protein that pass into the plasma.

67
Q

What does bacteria and virus have which the antibodies recognize?

A

They have chemical markers on their surface called antigens which antibodies recognize.

68
Q

How does antibodies destroy pathogen?

A

Antibodies stick to the surface antigen to destroy pathogen.

69
Q

What are the way antibodies destroy pathogens?

A

Causing bacteria to stick together

Causing bacteria to burst open

Neutralizing poisons produced by pathogens

Acting as label on the pathogens

70
Q

What is primary immune response?

A

Production of antibodies following the first exposure to foreign antigens.

71
Q

Which kind of cell do some lymphocytes develop into?

A

Memory cells

72
Q

What is immunity?

A

Immunity is where the memory lymphocytes reproduce and produce antibodies to quickly deal with pathogen.

73
Q

Secondary immune response is much faster and more effective than the primary response.

A

True

74
Q

What is the alternative way of getting artificial immunity to disease without having the disease itself?

A

By vaccination

75
Q

What is vaccination?

A

Vaccination is where the person is injected with agent which carry same antigens as a specific pathogen.

76
Q

What does lymphocytes do to make the person immune to the disease?

A

They produce memory cell

77
Q

What are some agent used as vaccine?

A

A weakened strain of actual microorganism

Dead micro organism

Modified toxins of bacteria

Just antigens themselves

Genetically engineered harmless bacteria which carry antigens of different disease causing micro-organism

78
Q

What are platelets?

A

Platelets are fragments of large cells made in the bone marrow

79
Q

What stimulate the platelets and damage tissue to produce chemical to do what?

A

Exposure to air stimulate platelets to produce chemical which convert (soluble plasma blood) fibrinogen to (insoluble fibers of another protein), fibrin.

80
Q

What does fibrine form?

A

It form networks across wound, trapping red blood cells and form clot, preventing further loss of blood and entry of micro-organisms.

81
Q

What does the cloth develop into?

A

Cloth develop into scab which protect the damage tissue while new skin grows.

Biology (14 decks)

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