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Life process and variety of living organism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is MRSGREN?

A

Characteristics that can be found in living organisms.

movement
respiration
sensitivity
growth
reproduction
excretion
nutrition

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2
Q

What is respiration? give the formula.

A

chemical reaction that occurs inside our cell that produce energy
glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water + energy

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3
Q

How do we get the reactants of respiration?

A

eating - glucose
breathing - oxygen

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4
Q

What are chemical reactions inside our cell called?

A

metabolic reactions

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5
Q

What is excretion?

A

Removal of metabolic waste products

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6
Q

Is defecation excretion?

A

False

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7
Q

What are 2 types of products in reactions?

A

desired products and waste products

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8
Q

What are the kingdoms?

A

Plants
animals
fungi
Prokaryotes
Protoctists

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9
Q

What are 2 types in animal kingdom?

A

Invertebrate and vertebrate

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10
Q

What are 3 types of invertebrates?

A

mollus (animals with soft body)
annelids (earth worm like animals)
arthropods (animals with joint legs and exoskeleton)

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11
Q

What are 5 types of vertebrates?

A

fish
amphibians
reptiles
mammals
birds

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12
Q

Difference between cold blood and warm blood?

A

cold blood animals body temperature change depending on the environment change while warm blood won’t giving them an ability to travel.

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13
Q

Human’s temperature?

A

37 degrees centigrade

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14
Q

Categorize which is multicellular and unicellular.
(plants)
(animals)
(fungi)
(bacteria)
(Protoctists)

A

plants - multicellular
animals - multicellular
fungi - most multicellular some unicellular
bacteria - unicellular
Protoctists - most unicellular some multicellular

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15
Q

Types of fungi?

A

fruiting body (mushrooms(edible) toadstools(poisonous)
non fruiting body (yeast, mould)

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16
Q

What are organelles?

A

Structures or organs inside our cell that have their own function within the cell.

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17
Q

What is the largest organelle in our cell?

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

What does nucleus do?

A

nucleus control the activity of the cell.

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19
Q

What does nucleus contain?

A

DNA or chromosomes

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20
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA store genetic information as protein codes

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21
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Folded DNA

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22
Q

What is powerhouse in the cell called?

A

Mitochondrion

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23
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Ribosomes translate the protein code received from nucleus to make protein.

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24
Q

Do cells contain plenty of ribosomes?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What is mitochondrion function?

A

It supplies energy for the organelles to work, it carries out some of the respiration reaction inside a cell.

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26
Q

How many chromosomes are there in human cells?

A

46

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27
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

living material that made up a cell.

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28
Q

What is the outermost of animal shell?

A

cell membrane

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29
Q

Difference between animal and plants cell?

A

plants cells contain cell wall
plants cells contain permanent vacuole
plants cells contain chloroplasts

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30
Q

Permeable types?

A

Freely permeable
Partially permeable
Selectively permeable

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31
Q

Cell wall are ———- permeable.

A

Freely

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32
Q

cell membranes are ——- permeable.

A

Partially

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33
Q

Why plant cells are always in fixed shape?

A

Because of the cell wall made up of tough material called cellulose

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34
Q

Why cell wall is helpful for plants cells?

A

It acts as support for internal pressure caused by absorption of water inside the cell.

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35
Q

Which cells don’t contain nucleus?

A

red blood cell (humans)
xylem vessels (plants)

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36
Q

What is gene?

A

one section of protein code

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37
Q

What do enzymes do and why?

A

Enzymes make the chemical reaction inside our cell to be faster because chemical reaction inside our flow due to our quite low body temperature.

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38
Q

What does cell wall of plant make up of?

A

cellulose

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39
Q

Cell that needs a lot of energy contain less mitochondria.

A

False

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40
Q

Which plant cells contain chloroplasts?

A

Plant cell that carries out photosynthesis.

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41
Q

How can we know which part of plant cells have chlorophyll?

A

Parts which have green color have chlorophyll

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42
Q

Similarities between plants and fungi.

A

fungi also have cell wall and permanent vacuole.

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43
Q

Which material does cell wall of fungi composed of?

A

chitin

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44
Q

What are mushrooms and toadstools?

A

reproductive structure of the organism, fruiting body.

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45
Q

Types of nutrition of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria.

A

plants - autotrophic nutrition
animals - heterotrophic nutrition
fungi, bacteria - saprotrophic nutrition

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46
Q

Do animals contain vacuoles?

A

yes, but they are small and temporary

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47
Q

How are glucose stored inside plants and animals?

A

plants - starch
animals - glycogen

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48
Q

Why glucose can’t be store?

A

Because it is soluble and has osmotic effects

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49
Q

What does vacuole contain?

A

Vacuoles contain mixture of dissolved sugars, minerals and ions called cell sap.

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50
Q

What does chloroplasts contain?

A

green pigments called chlorophyll

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51
Q

How fungi store food?

A

As glycogen

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52
Q

What do mushrooms have under the soil?

A

Hyphae

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53
Q

The whole network of hyphae is called ……

A

mycelium

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54
Q

Are hyphae divided up into separate cells?

A

No

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55
Q

Hyphae cell has only one nucleus.

A

False

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56
Q

What happened when spore from mucor land on food?

A

It grows out hypha and the hypha grow and branches again and again until mycelium covers up the surface of the food.

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57
Q

How does hyphae absorb food?

A

It secretes digestive enzymes to break down food into soluble substances which are then absorbed by the mould.

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58
Q

How can mould infect another source of food?

A

By producing more spores.

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59
Q

Enzymes that are secreted in saprotrophic nutrition are called ….

A

Extracellular enzymes

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60
Q

What are the types of Protoctists?

A

protozoa (cells which look like animals)
algae (cell which look like plants)

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61
Q

Name 3 Protoctists.

A

chlorella
amoeba
plasmodium

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62
Q

Name of the nutrition type where digestive system take place outside of the organism

A

saprotrophic nutrition

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63
Q

What is pathogen?

A

Organism or viruses that cause human disease.

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64
Q

What does plasmodium responsible of?

A

malaria

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65
Q

Choose the correct one.

all viruses are pathogens
all fungi are pathogens
all bacteria are pathogen
all Protoctists are pathogen

A

All viruses are pathogens

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66
Q

What is the name of the cells which has nucleus and other organelles and cells which don’t?

A

prokaryotes (cells which doesn’t have nucleus)
eukaryotes (cells which contain nucleus and other common organelles)

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67
Q

size of the animal cell and bacteria cell.

A

animal - 10 - 50 micrometer
bacteria - 1 - 5 micrometer

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68
Q

Which kind of organism are bacteria?

A

single cell

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69
Q

Do bacteria contain nucleus?

A

no

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70
Q

Bacteria shapes.

A

rods, spheres, spirals

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71
Q

What does bacteria cell wall compose of?

A

peptidoglycan

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72
Q

Which layer does bacteria have after cell wall?

A

slime wall or capsule

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73
Q

Can bacteria reproduce?

A

Yes

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74
Q

In order to move freely, their cells have to be able to move.

A

True

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75
Q

Which organelle prevent the cell to move?

A

Cell wall

76
Q

Can bacteria carry out photosynthesis?

A

Yes, some bacteria contain chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis.

77
Q

What does bacteria use for movement?

A

Flagellum

78
Q

The middle of the bacteria cell is made up of ….

A

cytoplasm

79
Q

What are good bacteria called?

A

Probiotic

80
Q

Which bacteria used to make yogurt?

A

lactobacillus bulgaricus

81
Q

What do circular DNA in bacteria called?

A

plasmids

82
Q

What are plasmids widely used for?

A

genetic engineering

83
Q

Bacteria doesn’t carry out MRSGREN.

A

False

84
Q

Can bacteria respond to range of stimuli?

A

Yes

85
Q

Name 2 decomposers.

A

Fungi and bacteria

86
Q

Virus can only reproduce ……

A

Inside living cells

87
Q

Are viruses living organelles, why?

A

No because they don’t move, and they don’t respire.

88
Q

The cell which virus lived in is called ….

A

Host cell

89
Q

Virus can infect bacteria.

A

True

90
Q

How do virus cells create envelope?

A

By stealing a small part of cell membrane from its host cell.

91
Q

What thing is human body can kill viruses?

A

Our immune system

92
Q

How does virus reproduce?

A

It takes over the DNA generator in the nucleus to produce more virus.

93
Q

What happened after many virus particles have been made?

A

The cell will be destroyed, and the virus infect other cells.

94
Q

viruses can destroy immune system very quickly.

A

False

95
Q

Which virus can reproduce in our immune system and destroy our immune system?

A

HIV

96
Q

What is another name for protein coat?

A

Capsid

97
Q

State the name of respiration which products contain oxygen and respiration which doesn’t.

A

aerobic respiration (respiration which contain oxygen)
anaerobic respiration (respiration which does not contain oxygen)

98
Q

Why oxygen is important for respiration despite still being able to make without it?

A

Without oxygen, the glucose is not completely broken down to produce enough energy to keep us alive

99
Q

Another name of respiration?

A

Oxidation of glucose

100
Q

How does oxygen is used in respiration?

A

Oxygen is used to oxidize glucose to produce energy and release carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

101
Q

What does glucose contain?

A

Glucose contains chemical energy which can be converted into other types of energy that the cell can use.

102
Q

Most of the energy released from respiration is used to ….

A

make ATP.

103
Q

Does respiration release energy as heat? Where can we use that energy?

A

Yes, mammals use this energy to maintain their body temperature.

104
Q

How ATP molecules can be used?

A

Active transport of ions and molecules

Cell divisions

Building large molecule

contraction of muscle cells

105
Q

Overall reaction of respiration with symbols.

A

glucose + oxygen —– > water + carbon dioxide + (energy)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——–> 6H20 + 6CO2

106
Q

Cell passes out energy from respiration to other process by using ……

A

ATP

107
Q

Full name of ATP.

A

Adenosine triphosphate

108
Q

What does ATP compose of?

A

Adenosine and three phosphates.

109
Q

How can ATP be broken down?

A

It can be broken down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and one phosphate by using water molecule.

110
Q

How does respiration produce ATP.

A

Energy from respiration is used to combine the phosphate to the ADP making ATP.

111
Q

What does ATP do?

A

ATP transfer energy from respiration to cell which needs the energy to work.

112
Q

Where does aerobic respiration reaction occur?

A

mitochondrion

113
Q

why is less energy release in anaerobic respiration?

A

Because glucose is not completely broken down.

114
Q

anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

glucose ——-> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+some energy)

115
Q

What is another name of yeast anaerobic respiration?

A

Fermentation

116
Q

anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?

A

glucose ——–> lactic acid (+some energy)

117
Q

What does anaerobic respiration provide for muscle energy?

A

It provide enough energy to keep the overworked muscles going for a short period of time.

118
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen needed to completely oxidize the lactate that builds up in the body during anaerobic respiration is called oxygen debt.

119
Q

How can materials move in and out of the cell?

A

diffusion
osmosis
active transport

120
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of substances from region of high concentration to region of low concentration.

121
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of substances from region of low concentration to region of high concentration with the energy from respiration.

122
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water from diluted solution (high water potential) to more concentrated solution (low water potential) across the partially permeable membrane.

123
Q

The opposite of diffusion?

A

Active transport

124
Q

What are pumps in human cells?

A

Pumps are large proteins that can be found inside of cell membrane which are driven by the breakdown of ATP.

125
Q

How does cell use active transport?

A

To control the uptake of many substances.

126
Q

What are 4 factors that can affect the diffusion rate?

A

Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area to volume ratio
Diffusion distance

127
Q

Diffusion happens more quickly if there is …… concentration gradient.

A

Steep

128
Q

Smaller the size —> ….(1)… surface area to volume ratio —-> …(2)…. the diffusion.

A

bigger, faster

129
Q

The ……. the distance, the slower diffusion.

A

greater

130
Q

The …….temperature, the quicker diffusion.

A

greater

131
Q

Why some part of animals and plant cells specially adapted for the exchange of materials?

A

Because they have large surface area.

132
Q

What do cells exchange substances with?

A

With their surroundings

133
Q

Diffusion is a ….

A

slow process

134
Q

Organs that rely on diffusion need …… which it can take place.

A

large surface area

135
Q

What does alveoli allow to do?

A

Alveoli allows the gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and air during breathing.

136
Q

What does the villi of the small intestine provide?

A

villi of small intestine provide large surface area for the digested food.

137
Q

multicellular organisms begin life as ……

A

Single cell zygote

138
Q

How do we get countless millions of cells?

A

By cell division

139
Q

What are 2 types of cell divisions?

A

mitosis (for growth and recovery)
meiosis (for reproduction)

140
Q

Which control the mitosis?

A

Genes

141
Q

What is differentiation?

A

In differentiation, cells are specialized to carry out particular functions.

142
Q

How different kind of cells develop?

A

Different kind of cells develop depending on their place in embryo.

143
Q

Is differentiation also under the control of genes?

A

Yes

144
Q

What are specialized cells?

A

cells which have special appearance and special function.

145
Q

What are specialized cells in human and what are their special traits?

A

nerve cells (carry electrical pulses)
smooth muscles cells (can contrast and relax)
sperm cells (can swim)

146
Q

What are specialized cells in plants and what are their special traits?

A

xylem vessels(dead cells, carry water up stem)
guard cells on the surface of leaf (its specialized shape provide in pore to allow gas exchange)
leaf palisade cells (packed with full of chloroplasts)

147
Q

Another names of nerve cell and sex cells.

A

nerve cells - neurons
sex cells - gametes

148
Q

What are smallest things in our body?

A

organelles

149
Q

What are tissues?

A

Tissues are the combination of similar cells which carry out particular function.

150
Q

What are organs?

A

Organs are the collection of several tissues which carry out a particular function.

151
Q

Collections of organs result —(1)— and combination of that result —(2)—-

A

organ system, organism

152
Q

What are 7 main organ systems?

A

digestive system
circulatory system
gas exchange system
excretory system
endocrine system
nervous system
reproductive system

153
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are cells which have the ability to divide into multiple cells by using mitosis while being undifferentiated.

154
Q

What are 2 types of stem cells?

A

embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells

155
Q

Where can you find embryonic stem cells?

A

At the early stage of the development of embryo.

156
Q

Can embryonic stem cell differentiate into any type of cell?

A

Yes

157
Q

Where can you find adult stem cells?

A

in certain adult tissues.

158
Q

What is the most common form of stem cell therapy?

A

Bone marrow transplant

159
Q

Which condition does bone marrow transplant use to cure?

A

Leukemia

160
Q

How the cell from embryo is removed?

A

by using fine glass capillary tube

161
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Catalysts are chemicals that made the reactions faster without being used up itself.

162
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts.

163
Q

Cell contains hundreds of different enzymes.

A

True

164
Q

Which control the production of enzymes?

A

Genes

165
Q

Enzymes are not protein.

A

False

166
Q

Why do we need enzymes?

A

Enzymes make the chemical reaction in our body faster, and without it, due to our low body temperature, the reactions won’t be fast enough to keep us alive.

167
Q

Protein have enormous range of structures and shapes.

A

True

168
Q

What is substrate?

A

Substance that the enzyme acts on.

169
Q

What is active site?

A

small area of enzyme surface which the substrate fits into is called active site.

170
Q

What happened if a substrate joins up with the active site?

A

It lowers the energy needed for the reaction to start.

171
Q

What is lock and key model of enzyme action?

A

In lock and key model, a substrate will only fit into the active site of particular enzyme.

172
Q

An enzyme will catalyze several reactions.

A

False

173
Q

What happened after enzyme catalyze a reaction?

A

Products are released from active site and enzyme is once again free to act on other substances.

174
Q

What are 2 factors that can affect the activity of enzymes?

A

temperature and ph

175
Q

Why optimum temperature of enzymes is different in different organism?

A

Because enzymes are evolved to work best at the normal body temperature of the organism.

176
Q

Why increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction?

A

Rise in temperature increase the rate of reaction because temperature gives the molecules of substrate and enzymes more kinetic energy which result them to collide more often.

177
Q

What happened to enzyme when its temperature is above its optimum temperature?

A

The enzyme will be denatured.

178
Q

Proteins are resilient to heat.

A

False

179
Q

What happen to enzyme when it’s denatured?

A

It’s active site shape permanently changed.

180
Q

In which ph., enzymes work the best?

A

neutral ph

181
Q

In graph, where is the point of optimum temperature and ph?

A

highest point in the graph

182
Q

How much is neutral ph.?

A

7

183
Q

What happened when the ph. is on either side of neutral?

A

It will affects the structure of the enzyme and change the shape of the active site.

184
Q

Enzymes can work well near its optimum ph.

A

True

185
Q

What are some change in body that take place to keep temperature?

A

Sweating, vasodilation, vasoconstriction,
hair erections, shivering, changes in
metabolisms and some behavioral
change keep the body temperature.

186
Q

What is shivering?

A

Shivering occurs where the muscles contract and relax rapidly.

Biology (14 decks)

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