Life process and variety of living organism Flashcards
What is MRSGREN?
Characteristics that can be found in living organisms.
movement
respiration
sensitivity
growth
reproduction
excretion
nutrition
What is respiration? give the formula.
chemical reaction that occurs inside our cell that produce energy
glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water + energy
How do we get the reactants of respiration?
eating - glucose
breathing - oxygen
What are chemical reactions inside our cell called?
metabolic reactions
What is excretion?
Removal of metabolic waste products
Is defecation excretion?
False
What are 2 types of products in reactions?
desired products and waste products
What are the kingdoms?
Plants
animals
fungi
Prokaryotes
Protoctists
What are 2 types in animal kingdom?
Invertebrate and vertebrate
What are 3 types of invertebrates?
mollus (animals with soft body)
annelids (earth worm like animals)
arthropods (animals with joint legs and exoskeleton)
What are 5 types of vertebrates?
fish
amphibians
reptiles
mammals
birds
Difference between cold blood and warm blood?
cold blood animals body temperature change depending on the environment change while warm blood won’t giving them an ability to travel.
Human’s temperature?
37 degrees centigrade
Categorize which is multicellular and unicellular.
(plants)
(animals)
(fungi)
(bacteria)
(Protoctists)
plants - multicellular
animals - multicellular
fungi - most multicellular some unicellular
bacteria - unicellular
Protoctists - most unicellular some multicellular
Types of fungi?
fruiting body (mushrooms(edible) toadstools(poisonous)
non fruiting body (yeast, mould)
What are organelles?
Structures or organs inside our cell that have their own function within the cell.
What is the largest organelle in our cell?
Nucleus
What does nucleus do?
nucleus control the activity of the cell.
What does nucleus contain?
DNA or chromosomes
What is DNA?
DNA store genetic information as protein codes
What are chromosomes?
Folded DNA
What is powerhouse in the cell called?
Mitochondrion
What do ribosomes do?
Ribosomes translate the protein code received from nucleus to make protein.
Do cells contain plenty of ribosomes?
Yes
What is mitochondrion function?
It supplies energy for the organelles to work, it carries out some of the respiration reaction inside a cell.
How many chromosomes are there in human cells?
46
What is cytoplasm?
living material that made up a cell.
What is the outermost of animal shell?
cell membrane
Difference between animal and plants cell?
plants cells contain cell wall
plants cells contain permanent vacuole
plants cells contain chloroplasts
Permeable types?
Freely permeable
Partially permeable
Selectively permeable
Cell wall are ———- permeable.
Freely
cell membranes are ——- permeable.
Partially
Why plant cells are always in fixed shape?
Because of the cell wall made up of tough material called cellulose
Why cell wall is helpful for plants cells?
It acts as support for internal pressure caused by absorption of water inside the cell.
Which cells don’t contain nucleus?
red blood cell (humans)
xylem vessels (plants)
What is gene?
one section of protein code
What do enzymes do and why?
Enzymes make the chemical reaction inside our cell to be faster because chemical reaction inside our flow due to our quite low body temperature.
What does cell wall of plant make up of?
cellulose
Cell that needs a lot of energy contain less mitochondria.
False
Which plant cells contain chloroplasts?
Plant cell that carries out photosynthesis.
How can we know which part of plant cells have chlorophyll?
Parts which have green color have chlorophyll
Similarities between plants and fungi.
fungi also have cell wall and permanent vacuole.
Which material does cell wall of fungi composed of?
chitin
What are mushrooms and toadstools?
reproductive structure of the organism, fruiting body.
Types of nutrition of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria.
plants - autotrophic nutrition
animals - heterotrophic nutrition
fungi, bacteria - saprotrophic nutrition
Do animals contain vacuoles?
yes, but they are small and temporary
How are glucose stored inside plants and animals?
plants - starch
animals - glycogen
Why glucose can’t be store?
Because it is soluble and has osmotic effects
What does vacuole contain?
Vacuoles contain mixture of dissolved sugars, minerals and ions called cell sap.
What does chloroplasts contain?
green pigments called chlorophyll
How fungi store food?
As glycogen
What do mushrooms have under the soil?
Hyphae
The whole network of hyphae is called ……
mycelium
Are hyphae divided up into separate cells?
No
Hyphae cell has only one nucleus.
False
What happened when spore from mucor land on food?
It grows out hypha and the hypha grow and branches again and again until mycelium covers up the surface of the food.
How does hyphae absorb food?
It secretes digestive enzymes to break down food into soluble substances which are then absorbed by the mould.
How can mould infect another source of food?
By producing more spores.
Enzymes that are secreted in saprotrophic nutrition are called ….
Extracellular enzymes
What are the types of Protoctists?
protozoa (cells which look like animals)
algae (cell which look like plants)
Name 3 Protoctists.
chlorella
amoeba
plasmodium
Name of the nutrition type where digestive system take place outside of the organism
saprotrophic nutrition
What is pathogen?
Organism or viruses that cause human disease.
What does plasmodium responsible of?
malaria
Choose the correct one.
all viruses are pathogens
all fungi are pathogens
all bacteria are pathogen
all Protoctists are pathogen
All viruses are pathogens
What is the name of the cells which has nucleus and other organelles and cells which don’t?
prokaryotes (cells which doesn’t have nucleus)
eukaryotes (cells which contain nucleus and other common organelles)
size of the animal cell and bacteria cell.
animal - 10 - 50 micrometer
bacteria - 1 - 5 micrometer
Which kind of organism are bacteria?
single cell
Do bacteria contain nucleus?
no
Bacteria shapes.
rods, spheres, spirals
What does bacteria cell wall compose of?
peptidoglycan
Which layer does bacteria have after cell wall?
slime wall or capsule
Can bacteria reproduce?
Yes
In order to move freely, their cells have to be able to move.
True
Which organelle prevent the cell to move?
Cell wall
Can bacteria carry out photosynthesis?
Yes, some bacteria contain chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis.
What does bacteria use for movement?
Flagellum
The middle of the bacteria cell is made up of ….
cytoplasm
What are good bacteria called?
Probiotic
Which bacteria used to make yogurt?
lactobacillus bulgaricus
What do circular DNA in bacteria called?
plasmids
What are plasmids widely used for?
genetic engineering
Bacteria doesn’t carry out MRSGREN.
False
Can bacteria respond to range of stimuli?
Yes
Name 2 decomposers.
Fungi and bacteria
Virus can only reproduce ……
Inside living cells
Are viruses living organelles, why?
No because they don’t move, and they don’t respire.
The cell which virus lived in is called ….
Host cell
Virus can infect bacteria.
True
How do virus cells create envelope?
By stealing a small part of cell membrane from its host cell.
What thing is human body can kill viruses?
Our immune system
How does virus reproduce?
It takes over the DNA generator in the nucleus to produce more virus.
What happened after many virus particles have been made?
The cell will be destroyed, and the virus infect other cells.
viruses can destroy immune system very quickly.
False
Which virus can reproduce in our immune system and destroy our immune system?
HIV
What is another name for protein coat?
Capsid
State the name of respiration which products contain oxygen and respiration which doesn’t.
aerobic respiration (respiration which contain oxygen)
anaerobic respiration (respiration which does not contain oxygen)
Why oxygen is important for respiration despite still being able to make without it?
Without oxygen, the glucose is not completely broken down to produce enough energy to keep us alive
Another name of respiration?
Oxidation of glucose
How does oxygen is used in respiration?
Oxygen is used to oxidize glucose to produce energy and release carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
What does glucose contain?
Glucose contains chemical energy which can be converted into other types of energy that the cell can use.
Most of the energy released from respiration is used to ….
make ATP.
Does respiration release energy as heat? Where can we use that energy?
Yes, mammals use this energy to maintain their body temperature.
How ATP molecules can be used?
Active transport of ions and molecules
Cell divisions
Building large molecule
contraction of muscle cells
Overall reaction of respiration with symbols.
glucose + oxygen —– > water + carbon dioxide + (energy)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——–> 6H20 + 6CO2
Cell passes out energy from respiration to other process by using ……
ATP
Full name of ATP.
Adenosine triphosphate
What does ATP compose of?
Adenosine and three phosphates.
How can ATP be broken down?
It can be broken down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and one phosphate by using water molecule.
How does respiration produce ATP.
Energy from respiration is used to combine the phosphate to the ADP making ATP.
What does ATP do?
ATP transfer energy from respiration to cell which needs the energy to work.
Where does aerobic respiration reaction occur?
mitochondrion
why is less energy release in anaerobic respiration?
Because glucose is not completely broken down.
anaerobic respiration in yeast?
glucose ——-> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+some energy)
What is another name of yeast anaerobic respiration?
Fermentation
anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?
glucose ——–> lactic acid (+some energy)
What does anaerobic respiration provide for muscle energy?
It provide enough energy to keep the overworked muscles going for a short period of time.
What is oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen needed to completely oxidize the lactate that builds up in the body during anaerobic respiration is called oxygen debt.
How can materials move in and out of the cell?
diffusion
osmosis
active transport
What is diffusion?
Movement of substances from region of high concentration to region of low concentration.
What is active transport?
Movement of substances from region of low concentration to region of high concentration with the energy from respiration.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water from diluted solution (high water potential) to more concentrated solution (low water potential) across the partially permeable membrane.
The opposite of diffusion?
Active transport
What are pumps in human cells?
Pumps are large proteins that can be found inside of cell membrane which are driven by the breakdown of ATP.
How does cell use active transport?
To control the uptake of many substances.
What are 4 factors that can affect the diffusion rate?
Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area to volume ratio
Diffusion distance
Diffusion happens more quickly if there is …… concentration gradient.
Steep
Smaller the size —> ….(1)… surface area to volume ratio —-> …(2)…. the diffusion.
bigger, faster
The ……. the distance, the slower diffusion.
greater
The …….temperature, the quicker diffusion.
greater
Why some part of animals and plant cells specially adapted for the exchange of materials?
Because they have large surface area.
What do cells exchange substances with?
With their surroundings
Diffusion is a ….
slow process
Organs that rely on diffusion need …… which it can take place.
large surface area
What does alveoli allow to do?
Alveoli allows the gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and air during breathing.
What does the villi of the small intestine provide?
villi of small intestine provide large surface area for the digested food.
multicellular organisms begin life as ……
Single cell zygote
How do we get countless millions of cells?
By cell division
What are 2 types of cell divisions?
mitosis (for growth and recovery)
meiosis (for reproduction)
Which control the mitosis?
Genes
What is differentiation?
In differentiation, cells are specialized to carry out particular functions.
How different kind of cells develop?
Different kind of cells develop depending on their place in embryo.
Is differentiation also under the control of genes?
Yes
What are specialized cells?
cells which have special appearance and special function.
What are specialized cells in human and what are their special traits?
nerve cells (carry electrical pulses)
smooth muscles cells (can contrast and relax)
sperm cells (can swim)
What are specialized cells in plants and what are their special traits?
xylem vessels(dead cells, carry water up stem)
guard cells on the surface of leaf (its specialized shape provide in pore to allow gas exchange)
leaf palisade cells (packed with full of chloroplasts)
Another names of nerve cell and sex cells.
nerve cells - neurons
sex cells - gametes
What are smallest things in our body?
organelles
What are tissues?
Tissues are the combination of similar cells which carry out particular function.
What are organs?
Organs are the collection of several tissues which carry out a particular function.
Collections of organs result —(1)— and combination of that result —(2)—-
organ system, organism
What are 7 main organ systems?
digestive system
circulatory system
gas exchange system
excretory system
endocrine system
nervous system
reproductive system
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are cells which have the ability to divide into multiple cells by using mitosis while being undifferentiated.
What are 2 types of stem cells?
embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells
Where can you find embryonic stem cells?
At the early stage of the development of embryo.
Can embryonic stem cell differentiate into any type of cell?
Yes
Where can you find adult stem cells?
in certain adult tissues.
What is the most common form of stem cell therapy?
Bone marrow transplant
Which condition does bone marrow transplant use to cure?
Leukemia
How the cell from embryo is removed?
by using fine glass capillary tube
What are catalysts?
Catalysts are chemicals that made the reactions faster without being used up itself.
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts.
Cell contains hundreds of different enzymes.
True
Which control the production of enzymes?
Genes
Enzymes are not protein.
False
Why do we need enzymes?
Enzymes make the chemical reaction in our body faster, and without it, due to our low body temperature, the reactions won’t be fast enough to keep us alive.
Protein have enormous range of structures and shapes.
True
What is substrate?
Substance that the enzyme acts on.
What is active site?
small area of enzyme surface which the substrate fits into is called active site.
What happened if a substrate joins up with the active site?
It lowers the energy needed for the reaction to start.
What is lock and key model of enzyme action?
In lock and key model, a substrate will only fit into the active site of particular enzyme.
An enzyme will catalyze several reactions.
False
What happened after enzyme catalyze a reaction?
Products are released from active site and enzyme is once again free to act on other substances.
What are 2 factors that can affect the activity of enzymes?
temperature and ph
Why optimum temperature of enzymes is different in different organism?
Because enzymes are evolved to work best at the normal body temperature of the organism.
Why increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction?
Rise in temperature increase the rate of reaction because temperature gives the molecules of substrate and enzymes more kinetic energy which result them to collide more often.
What happened to enzyme when its temperature is above its optimum temperature?
The enzyme will be denatured.
Proteins are resilient to heat.
False
What happen to enzyme when it’s denatured?
It’s active site shape permanently changed.
In which ph., enzymes work the best?
neutral ph
In graph, where is the point of optimum temperature and ph?
highest point in the graph
How much is neutral ph.?
7
What happened when the ph. is on either side of neutral?
It will affects the structure of the enzyme and change the shape of the active site.
Enzymes can work well near its optimum ph.
True
What are some change in body that take place to keep temperature?
Sweating, vasodilation, vasoconstriction,
hair erections, shivering, changes in
metabolisms and some behavioral
change keep the body temperature.
What is shivering?
Shivering occurs where the muscles contract and relax rapidly.
