Plants Flashcards
Male gamete(plant)
Pollen produced in the anther.
Female gamete(plant)
Ovules made in ovary
Pollination
-Pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.
-Pollination can be carries out by either wind or insects.
-Once the pollen grain lands on the stigma it responds to the presence of sugar there and uses it as an energy source to grow a pollent tube down the female tissues into the ovary
-As the pollen tube grows out from the pollen grain, the pollen grain’s nucleus travels down the pollen tube
Fertilisation Definition
-The fusion of the nuclei of the two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.
- Occurs when the nucleus of a pollen grain joins with a nuclei in the ovule to produce a diploid zygote
After fertilization
The ovary becomes a fruit.
The ovule becomes seeds.
Increasing yield of a plant
Being able to harvest more plants per unit area of land
How to increase yield of the plant
This can involve the use of fertilisers and pesticides
Fertilisers
-Fertilisers provide chemicals such as nitrates which increase crop yield(growth)
-Nitrates dissolves in soil water are absorbed into plants
-Nitrates are used to produce amino acids which are synthesized into plant proteins
-Fertilizer can be added to soil to increase the nitrate content of the soil
Pesticides(increasing yield of plants)
Plants and animals which reduce crop yield can be killed by pesticides.
Genetically Modified Crops(increasing yield of plants)
GM crops can be used to reduce the use of fertilisers and increase crop yield
PHARMING (increasing yield of plants)
Is a means of genetically modifying plants to produce medical products.
Plant organs
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Where does photosynthesis happen
This takes place on the leaves of a plant
Leaves of Plants
The leaves of the plants contain cell structures called chloroplasts which contain the green pigment(chlorophyll)
Leaf structures
Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Vein(consisting of xylem and phloem)
Lower epidermis
Guard cells
Stomata
Cells which carry out a photosynthesis
The cells of a leaf which carry out photosynthesis are the palasade mesophyll cells and spongy mesophyll cells.
Carbon dioxide leaves
The leaves need water which enters the plant through the root hairs and carbon dioxide which diffuses into the leaf from the air through the stomata.
What does the xylem do?
Water and minerals enter the plant through the root hairs and are transported in the dead xylem vessels upwards to the leaves for photosynthesis
What does the phloem do
The glucose made during photosynthesis needs to be transported to parts of the plant that cannot photosynthesis eg. The parts which do not contain chlorophyll. Sugar(glucose) is transported up and down the plant in living phloem
Xylem vessels features
-Transport water and minerals upwards from roots to leaves
- Contain lignin
-Lignin allows the plant to withstand pressure changes as water moves through the plant.
Phloem tissue
-Sugar is transported up and down the plant in living phloem
-Phloem have sieve plates and associated companion cells
Transpiration
Process of water moving through a plant it’s evaporation through the stomata
Process of Transpiraton
- Water enters a plant through the root hairs from the soil by a process of osmosis
- Water moves from a higher water concentration in the soil to a lower water concentration in the root hair
- Water then travels upwards through the xylem vessels
- The underside of leaves has small pores called stomata. Water evaporates through the stomata into the air which creates a sucking action to draw the water upwards(against gravity)
How is Transpiraton measured?
Potometer
Factors affecting rate of Transpiraton
Wind speed increases
Temperature increases
Surface area increase
Humidity decreases
Stomata
Allow the entry of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and the loss of water by evaporation during transpiration
