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biology 2 > Plant Vascular Systems > Flashcards

Plant Vascular Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

how does water go to animal cells?

A

in and out of plasma membrane

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2
Q

what are the holes in the cell membrane called

A

plasmadesmota

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3
Q

what happens to the cytoplasm when the xylem dies

A

it goes away creating empty tubes

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4
Q

what is the shared cytoplasm called

A

symplast

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5
Q

what are the two cell types of xylem

A

tracheids and vessel pits

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6
Q

what is the ratio for radius and water flow

A

1:4

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7
Q

what are the two properties of water that allow it to travel through the xylem

A

cohesion and adhesion

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8
Q

water sticking to each other

A

cohesion

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9
Q

water sticking to something else

A

adhesion

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10
Q

hydrogen bonds in water allows adhesion to what

A

between the water molecules and cellulose and xylem wall

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11
Q

hydrogen bonds in water allows cohesion to what

A

between the water molecules in xylem

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12
Q

is the transport of water through the xylem active or passive

A

passive

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13
Q

how does the roots get the water in the first place

A

the roots need to be saltier/sweeter then the soil around it

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14
Q

what happens to the disruption if you widen the tube

A

the disruption will rise

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15
Q

how does water move through the xylem

A

through negative potential letting the water travel through the plant to get to the air to evaporate.

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16
Q

what kind of energy is xylem using

A

passive

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17
Q

the what the water potential, the more the water wants to go

A

lower

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18
Q

what does the roots need to attract water

A

cations

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19
Q

why can’t the roots get the cations

A

the soil is negatively charged

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20
Q

how does the roots get the cations

A

the by-product of respiration

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21
Q

how does the roots overcome the clay problem

A

proton pumps used to create protons to exchange for the cations [cation exchange]

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22
Q

how do plants get protons

A

the product of respiration [proton pumps]

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23
Q

why won’t the soil keep fertilizers

A

because it won’t bind to the soil due to them being the same charge

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24
Q

what are the consequences of the fertilizers

A
  1. goes to the everglades which is a low nutrient environment and is being taken over by plants not native to it
  2. flow to the ocean which indirectly harms coral by feeding the algae their competitor
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25
Q

what tubes does the water move through in the tubes

A

vasular cylinder

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26
Q

what are the two routes water takes to go to the vascular cylinder?

A

Symplastic and Apoplastic

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27
Q

what is the symplastic route

A

moves through the cell and plasmodesmata

28
Q

what is the Apoplastic route

A

moves outside of the cell through wall until the casparian strip

29
Q

what is the casparian strip made of

A

suberin

30
Q

what is the caparian strip

A

thin strip around cell wall
waterproof
around last cells of end
prevents the Apoplastic route from going straight into the vascular cylinder directs the water back into the cell (symplastic route)

31
Q

where does primary xylem end

A

in the leaves

32
Q

where does water evaporate through

A

the xylem

33
Q

what causes the stoma to open

A

potassium

34
Q

what creates the potassium

A

proton pump

35
Q

water trying to escape through closed stoma

A

guttation

36
Q

the higher the plant the what the column of water

A

heavier

37
Q

what way is gravity pulling

A

down

38
Q

what way is evaporation pulling

A

down

39
Q

what is the max height of plants

A

420 feets

40
Q

what are some things that allow plants to achieve a tall height

A

humid environment
opening stoma at night

41
Q

evaporation would have to what gravity to pull water out and not snap the tree

A

barely exceed

42
Q

what are the two ways plants conserve water?

A

slowing down water
photosynthesis

43
Q

how does the plant slow down air

A

sunken stomata
tricombs
Big leaves

44
Q

what are tricombs

A

little hairs on the leaves

45
Q

when do c3 plants open their stoma
and what predominates them

A

at all times
photorespiration

46
Q

when do c4 plants open their stoma
and what predominates them

A

in the day
Calvin Cycle

47
Q

when do cam plants open their stoma
and what predominates them

A

in the night
Calvin Cycle

48
Q

what does the phloem move

A

sugar

49
Q

how does the phloem move the sugar

A

pushed down the plant through positive pressure

50
Q

what kind of energy in the phloem

A

energy intensive

51
Q

what are the two types of phloem cells

A

sieve tube and companion cell

52
Q

do the phloem cells work with each other

A

yes

53
Q

what does the sieve tube member do

A

transport vessel

54
Q

what does the companion cell do

A

loads and unload sugar into and out of the sieve tube
does all the work

55
Q

how does the bulk flow?

A

from source to sinks

56
Q

what are sources

A

where the sugar is made

57
Q

what is the sink

A

where sugar is consumed

58
Q

what cells make sugar photosynthesis

A

mesophyll cell

59
Q

how does the sugars get to the sieve-tube cell

A

simple diffusion through
mesophyll cell to bundle-sheath cell to phloem parenchyma cell

60
Q

how does the plant move across the energy gradient

A

proton pumps

61
Q

the fungus that lives in soil and connects plants vascular systems

A

mycorrhizae

62
Q

what does mycorrhizae connect

A

phloem

63
Q

why does deforestation work

A

bc it kills all of the plants before they have time to sound the alarm

64
Q

the plant’s nervous system

A

phloem

65
Q

mycoheterotrophy

A

just taking no contribution
stealing through the ycorrhizae

66
Q

hemiparastism

A

stealing away directly from the pant

biology 2 (12 decks)

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