Plant Vascular Systems Flashcards
how does water go to animal cells?
in and out of plasma membrane
what are the holes in the cell membrane called
plasmadesmota
what happens to the cytoplasm when the xylem dies
it goes away creating empty tubes
what is the shared cytoplasm called
symplast
what are the two cell types of xylem
tracheids and vessel pits
what is the ratio for radius and water flow
1:4
what are the two properties of water that allow it to travel through the xylem
cohesion and adhesion
water sticking to each other
cohesion
water sticking to something else
adhesion
hydrogen bonds in water allows adhesion to what
between the water molecules and cellulose and xylem wall
hydrogen bonds in water allows cohesion to what
between the water molecules in xylem
is the transport of water through the xylem active or passive
passive
how does the roots get the water in the first place
the roots need to be saltier/sweeter then the soil around it
what happens to the disruption if you widen the tube
the disruption will rise
how does water move through the xylem
through negative potential letting the water travel through the plant to get to the air to evaporate.
what kind of energy is xylem using
passive
the what the water potential, the more the water wants to go
lower
what does the roots need to attract water
cations
why can’t the roots get the cations
the soil is negatively charged
how does the roots get the cations
the by-product of respiration
how does the roots overcome the clay problem
proton pumps used to create protons to exchange for the cations [cation exchange]
how do plants get protons
the product of respiration [proton pumps]
why won’t the soil keep fertilizers
because it won’t bind to the soil due to them being the same charge
what are the consequences of the fertilizers
- goes to the everglades which is a low nutrient environment and is being taken over by plants not native to it
- flow to the ocean which indirectly harms coral by feeding the algae their competitor
what tubes does the water move through in the tubes
vasular cylinder
what are the two routes water takes to go to the vascular cylinder?
Symplastic and Apoplastic
what is the symplastic route
moves through the cell and plasmodesmata
what is the Apoplastic route
moves outside of the cell through wall until the casparian strip
what is the casparian strip made of
suberin
what is the caparian strip
thin strip around cell wall
waterproof
around last cells of end
prevents the Apoplastic route from going straight into the vascular cylinder directs the water back into the cell (symplastic route)
where does primary xylem end
in the leaves
where does water evaporate through
the xylem
what causes the stoma to open
potassium
what creates the potassium
proton pump
water trying to escape through closed stoma
guttation
the higher the plant the what the column of water
heavier
what way is gravity pulling
down
what way is evaporation pulling
down
what is the max height of plants
420 feets
what are some things that allow plants to achieve a tall height
humid environment
opening stoma at night
evaporation would have to what gravity to pull water out and not snap the tree
barely exceed
what are the two ways plants conserve water?
slowing down water
photosynthesis
how does the plant slow down air
sunken stomata
tricombs
Big leaves
what are tricombs
little hairs on the leaves
when do c3 plants open their stoma
and what predominates them
at all times
photorespiration
when do c4 plants open their stoma
and what predominates them
in the day
Calvin Cycle
when do cam plants open their stoma
and what predominates them
in the night
Calvin Cycle
what does the phloem move
sugar
how does the phloem move the sugar
pushed down the plant through positive pressure
what kind of energy in the phloem
energy intensive
what are the two types of phloem cells
sieve tube and companion cell
do the phloem cells work with each other
yes
what does the sieve tube member do
transport vessel
what does the companion cell do
loads and unload sugar into and out of the sieve tube
does all the work
how does the bulk flow?
from source to sinks
what are sources
where the sugar is made
what is the sink
where sugar is consumed
what cells make sugar photosynthesis
mesophyll cell
how does the sugars get to the sieve-tube cell
simple diffusion through
mesophyll cell to bundle-sheath cell to phloem parenchyma cell
how does the plant move across the energy gradient
proton pumps
the fungus that lives in soil and connects plants vascular systems
mycorrhizae
what does mycorrhizae connect
phloem
why does deforestation work
bc it kills all of the plants before they have time to sound the alarm
the plant’s nervous system
phloem
mycoheterotrophy
just taking no contribution
stealing through the ycorrhizae
hemiparastism
stealing away directly from the pant
