Plant Vascular Systems

Question 1

how does water go to animal cells?

Answer 1

in and out of plasma membrane

Question 2

what are the holes in the cell membrane called

Answer 2

plasmadesmota

Question 3

what happens to the cytoplasm when the xylem dies

Answer 3

it goes away creating empty tubes

Question 4

what is the shared cytoplasm called

Answer 4

symplast

Question 5

what are the two cell types of xylem

Answer 5

tracheids and vessel pits

Question 6

what is the ratio for radius and water flow

Answer 6

1:4

Question 7

what are the two properties of water that allow it to travel through the xylem

Answer 7

cohesion and adhesion

Question 8

water sticking to each other

Answer 8

cohesion

Question 9

water sticking to something else

Answer 9

adhesion

Question 10

hydrogen bonds in water allows adhesion to what

Answer 10

between the water molecules and cellulose and xylem wall

Question 11

hydrogen bonds in water allows cohesion to what

Answer 11

between the water molecules in xylem

Question 12

is the transport of water through the xylem active or passive

Answer 12

passive

Question 13

how does the roots get the water in the first place

Answer 13

the roots need to be saltier/sweeter then the soil around it

Question 14

what happens to the disruption if you widen the tube

Answer 14

the disruption will rise

Question 15

how does water move through the xylem

Answer 15

through negative potential letting the water travel through the plant to get to the air to evaporate.

Question 16

what kind of energy is xylem using

Answer 16

passive

Question 17

the what the water potential, the more the water wants to go

Answer 17

lower

Question 18

what does the roots need to attract water

Answer 18

cations

Question 19

why can’t the roots get the cations

Answer 19

the soil is negatively charged

Question 20

how does the roots get the cations

Answer 20

the by-product of respiration

Question 21

how does the roots overcome the clay problem

Answer 21

proton pumps used to create protons to exchange for the cations [cation exchange]

Question 22

how do plants get protons

Answer 22

the product of respiration [proton pumps]

Question 23

why won’t the soil keep fertilizers

Answer 23

because it won’t bind to the soil due to them being the same charge

Question 24

what are the consequences of the fertilizers

Answer 24

1. goes to the everglades which is a low nutrient environment and is being taken over by plants not native to it
2. flow to the ocean which indirectly harms coral by feeding the algae their competitor

Question 25

what tubes does the water move through in the tubes

Answer 25

vasular cylinder

Question 26

what are the two routes water takes to go to the vascular cylinder?

Answer 26

Symplastic and Apoplastic

Question 27

what is the symplastic route

Answer 27

moves through the cell and plasmodesmata

Question 28

what is the Apoplastic route

Answer 28

moves outside of the cell through wall until the casparian strip

Question 29

what is the casparian strip made of

Answer 29

suberin

Question 30

what is the caparian strip

Answer 30

thin strip around cell wall waterproof around last cells of end prevents the Apoplastic route from going straight into the vascular cylinder directs the water back into the cell (symplastic route)

Question 31

where does primary xylem end

Answer 31

in the leaves

Question 32

where does water evaporate through

Answer 32

the xylem

Question 33

what causes the stoma to open

Answer 33

potassium

Question 34

what creates the potassium

Answer 34

proton pump

Question 35

water trying to escape through closed stoma

Answer 35

guttation

Question 36

the higher the plant the what the column of water

Answer 36

heavier

Question 37

what way is gravity pulling

Answer 37

down

Question 38

what way is evaporation pulling

Answer 38

down

Question 39

what is the max height of plants

Answer 39

420 feets

Question 40

what are some things that allow plants to achieve a tall height

Answer 40

humid environment opening stoma at night

Question 41

evaporation would have to what gravity to pull water out and not snap the tree

Answer 41

barely exceed

Question 42

what are the two ways plants conserve water?

Answer 42

slowing down water photosynthesis

Question 43

how does the plant slow down air

Answer 43

sunken stomata tricombs Big leaves

Question 44

what are tricombs

Answer 44

little hairs on the leaves

Question 45

when do c3 plants open their stoma and what predominates them

Answer 45

at all times photorespiration

Question 46

when do c4 plants open their stoma and what predominates them

Answer 46

in the day Calvin Cycle

Question 47

when do cam plants open their stoma and what predominates them

Answer 47

in the night Calvin Cycle

Question 48

what does the phloem move

Answer 48

sugar

Question 49

how does the phloem move the sugar

Answer 49

pushed down the plant through positive pressure

Question 50

what kind of energy in the phloem

Answer 50

energy intensive

Question 51

what are the two types of phloem cells

Answer 51

sieve tube and companion cell

Question 52

do the phloem cells work with each other

Answer 52

yes

Question 53

what does the sieve tube member do

Answer 53

transport vessel

Question 54

what does the companion cell do

Answer 54

loads and unload sugar into and out of the sieve tube does all the work

Question 55

how does the bulk flow?

Answer 55

from source to sinks

Question 56

what are sources

Answer 56

where the sugar is made

Question 57

what is the sink

Answer 57

where sugar is consumed

Question 58

what cells make sugar photosynthesis

Answer 58

mesophyll cell

Question 59

how does the sugars get to the sieve-tube cell

Answer 59

simple diffusion through mesophyll cell to bundle-sheath cell to phloem parenchyma cell

Question 60

how does the plant move across the energy gradient

Answer 60

proton pumps

Question 61

the fungus that lives in soil and connects plants vascular systems

Answer 61

mycorrhizae

Question 62

what does mycorrhizae connect

Answer 62

phloem

Question 63

why does deforestation work

Answer 63

bc it kills all of the plants before they have time to sound the alarm

Question 64

the plant's nervous system

Answer 64

phloem

Question 65

mycoheterotrophy

Answer 65

just taking no contribution stealing through the ycorrhizae

Question 66

hemiparastism

Answer 66

stealing away directly from the pant