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BIO & GENETICS > Plant Tissue > Flashcards

Plant Tissue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 main types of plant tissue?

A

Meristematic and Permanent

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2
Q

What is the main difference between meristematic and permanent tissue?

A

Meristematic is capable of cell division, permanent is not

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3
Q

What are the 2 main types of permanent tissue?

A

Simple and Complex

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4
Q

Name the 2 types of complex permanent tissue

A

Xylem and Phloem

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5
Q

Name the 4 types of simple permanent tissue

A

Epidermis
Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma
Collenchyma

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6
Q

What are 3 plant tissue systems and what are they made up of?

A

Dermal - epidermis, periderm
Ground - Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Vascular - xylem, phloem

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of meristematic tissue and where are they found?

A

Apical - in buds and growing tips
Lateral - woody trees and plants
Intercalary - at base of young leaves and internodes

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8
Q

What do the 3 types of meristematic tissue do?

A

Apical - is undifferentiated tissue to trigger growth of new cells
Lateral - grow thickness of plants/ trees
Intercalary - to lengthen stems and leaves

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9
Q

Define dermal tissue

A

a single layer of cells forming boundary between the plant and outside world

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10
Q

What is the main function of dermal tissue and where is it found?

A

Function = protection against water loss, regulation of gas exchange, secretion
Found: covering leaves, flowers, roots and stems

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11
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

outermost layer of cells, usually transparent, lacking chloroplasts. It has a waxy layer that prevents water loss

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12
Q

What 3 types of cells make up the epidermis tissue?

A

Pavement cells
Trichomes
Guard cells

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13
Q

What adaptation does the root epidermis have and what does it do?

A

Root hairs - for water and nutrient absorption

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14
Q

What makes up the stomata?

A

Stoma and guard cells

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15
Q

What is the stoma

A

A pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that facilitates gas exchange.

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16
Q

What boarders a stoma?

A

A pair of guard cells

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17
Q

What does the stomata do?

A

Facilitates gas exchange - allows O2, CO2 and water vapour in/out

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18
Q

What is the periderm?

A

The outermost layer of stems and roots of woody plants - the bark/ cork

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19
Q

Why are epidermis layers needed?

A

To act as a barrier to fungi and other microorganisms and pathogens - for protection.

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20
Q

Why are epidermal layers thin and transparent?

A

Allow for light to pass through, thereby allowing for photosynthesis in the tissues below.

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21
Q

What is the function of lead trichomes on epidermal tissue?

A

trap water in the area above the stomata and prevent water loss.

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22
Q

Why is the adaptation of root hairs advantageous?

A

Root hairs maximise the surface area over which absorption of water from the soil can occur.

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23
Q

Why is a waxy cuticle on the epidermis advantageous?

A

Prevents water loss from leaves

24
Q

What cells produce ground tissue?

A

Ground meristems

25
Q

What are the 3 types of ground tissue?

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

26
Q

What is the parenchyma’s function?

A
  • Basic metabolic functions (respiration, photosynthesis & protein synthesis)
  • Storage – potatoes, fruits and seeds)
  • Wound healing and regeneration
27
Q

What is chlorenchyma?

A

A specialised parenchyma in plant leaves and green shoots - function to support and provide elasticity to stem surface and leaf veins.

28
Q

Describe the structure of the parenchyma

A

Round in shape
uniformly thin walls
Live at maturity
Have large vacuoles

29
Q

What are 3 adaptations of parenchyma?

A

Large vacuoles for storage and support
Differentiated chlorenchyma can perform photosynthesis and store starch
Have thin walls for rapid diffusion

30
Q

Describe the structure of collenchyma

A

Elongated, unevenly thick walls

Alive at maturity

31
Q

What is the collenchyma’s function?

A

Provide structural support in shoots and leaves

32
Q

Where is the parenchyma found?

A

All parts of plant

33
Q

Where is the collenchyma found?

A

mainly in growing shoots and leaves

34
Q

Where is the Sclerenchyma found?

A

In the cortex of stems and leaves

35
Q

Describe the structure of the Sclerenchyma

A

Has tick, lignified secondary walls
Lacks protoplasts
Dead at maturity

36
Q

What is the sclerenchyma’s function?

A

To prove strength and support

37
Q

Describe the 2 types of sclerenchyma tissue structures

A

Fibres - are generally long, slender cells, which commonly occur in strands or bundles
Sclereids (stone cells) - are variable in shape and usually shorter than fibre cells. They make up the seed coats of seeds, the shells of nuts and the stone of stone fruits

38
Q

State which type of ground tissue is dead or living at maturity

A

Parenchyma - Live
Collenchyma - Live
Sclerenchyma - Dead

39
Q

What 2 factors make up the xylem?

A

Tracheids

Vessel Elements

40
Q

Describe the difference between primary and secondary xylem

A

Primary xylem – differentiates from procambium in the apical meristem and occurs throughout the plant body
Secondary xylem – differentiates from vascular cambium and is commonly called wood

41
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

To transport water and dissolved minerals around the plant

42
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

Transports sugar, proteins and minerals around the plant

43
Q

What are the types of vascular tissue?

A

Xylem

Phloem

44
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary phloem?

A
  • Primary phloem – differentiate from procambium and extends throughout the primary body of the plant
  • Secondary phloem – differentiates from vascular cambium and constitutes the inner layer of the bark (periderm)
45
Q

Are vascular tissue living or non-living?

A

Non-living

46
Q

What forms vascular rays and what is their function?

A

Living parenchyma cells between xylem - transports water to the cortex of the stem

47
Q

Describe the structure of xylem tracheids

A

long, tapering cells with pits in walls for water to pass in/out - the only water conducting cells in most woody, non flowering plants

48
Q

Describe the structure of xylem vessel elements

A

occur in several groups of plants, including angiosperm – have a larger diameter than tracheids and no wall end – stacked end-on-end to form tube network

49
Q

What 4 types of cell are found in the phloems of flowering plants?

A

Sieve tube members
Companion cells
Fibres
Parenchyma

50
Q

What is the main difference between xylem and phloem transportation?

A

Xylem only flows from roots upwards

Phloem can transport sugars up and down the plant

51
Q

What is transpiration

A

The exhalation of water vapour through the stomata

52
Q

Which type of ground tissue is responsible for wound healing and regeneration?

A

Parenchyma

53
Q

Which type of ground tissue lacks protoplasts?

A

Sclerenchyma

54
Q

Fibres and Sclereids are types of which ground tissue?

A

Sclerenchyma

55
Q

Which ground tissue is found in the cortex of stems and leaves

A

Sclerenchyma

56
Q

Which ground tissue is found mainly in growing shoots and leaves?

A

Collenchyma

57
Q

Which ground tissue provides structural support in shoots and leaves?

A

Collenchyma

BIO & GENETICS (21 decks)

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