Plant Tissue Flashcards
What are the 2 main types of plant tissue?
Meristematic and Permanent
What is the main difference between meristematic and permanent tissue?
Meristematic is capable of cell division, permanent is not
What are the 2 main types of permanent tissue?
Simple and Complex
Name the 2 types of complex permanent tissue
Xylem and Phloem
Name the 4 types of simple permanent tissue
Epidermis
Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
What are 3 plant tissue systems and what are they made up of?
Dermal - epidermis, periderm
Ground - Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Vascular - xylem, phloem
What are the 3 types of meristematic tissue and where are they found?
Apical - in buds and growing tips
Lateral - woody trees and plants
Intercalary - at base of young leaves and internodes
What do the 3 types of meristematic tissue do?
Apical - is undifferentiated tissue to trigger growth of new cells
Lateral - grow thickness of plants/ trees
Intercalary - to lengthen stems and leaves
Define dermal tissue
a single layer of cells forming boundary between the plant and outside world
What is the main function of dermal tissue and where is it found?
Function = protection against water loss, regulation of gas exchange, secretion
Found: covering leaves, flowers, roots and stems
What is the epidermis?
outermost layer of cells, usually transparent, lacking chloroplasts. It has a waxy layer that prevents water loss
What 3 types of cells make up the epidermis tissue?
Pavement cells
Trichomes
Guard cells
What adaptation does the root epidermis have and what does it do?
Root hairs - for water and nutrient absorption
What makes up the stomata?
Stoma and guard cells
What is the stoma
A pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that facilitates gas exchange.
What boarders a stoma?
A pair of guard cells
What does the stomata do?
Facilitates gas exchange - allows O2, CO2 and water vapour in/out
What is the periderm?
The outermost layer of stems and roots of woody plants - the bark/ cork
Why are epidermis layers needed?
To act as a barrier to fungi and other microorganisms and pathogens - for protection.
Why are epidermal layers thin and transparent?
Allow for light to pass through, thereby allowing for photosynthesis in the tissues below.
What is the function of lead trichomes on epidermal tissue?
trap water in the area above the stomata and prevent water loss.
Why is the adaptation of root hairs advantageous?
Root hairs maximise the surface area over which absorption of water from the soil can occur.
Why is a waxy cuticle on the epidermis advantageous?
Prevents water loss from leaves
What cells produce ground tissue?
Ground meristems
What are the 3 types of ground tissue?
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
What is the parenchyma’s function?
- Basic metabolic functions (respiration, photosynthesis & protein synthesis)
- Storage – potatoes, fruits and seeds)
- Wound healing and regeneration
What is chlorenchyma?
A specialised parenchyma in plant leaves and green shoots - function to support and provide elasticity to stem surface and leaf veins.
Describe the structure of the parenchyma
Round in shape
uniformly thin walls
Live at maturity
Have large vacuoles
What are 3 adaptations of parenchyma?
Large vacuoles for storage and support
Differentiated chlorenchyma can perform photosynthesis and store starch
Have thin walls for rapid diffusion
Describe the structure of collenchyma
Elongated, unevenly thick walls
Alive at maturity
What is the collenchyma’s function?
Provide structural support in shoots and leaves
Where is the parenchyma found?
All parts of plant
Where is the collenchyma found?
mainly in growing shoots and leaves
Where is the Sclerenchyma found?
In the cortex of stems and leaves
Describe the structure of the Sclerenchyma
Has tick, lignified secondary walls
Lacks protoplasts
Dead at maturity
What is the sclerenchyma’s function?
To prove strength and support
Describe the 2 types of sclerenchyma tissue structures
Fibres - are generally long, slender cells, which commonly occur in strands or bundles
Sclereids (stone cells) - are variable in shape and usually shorter than fibre cells. They make up the seed coats of seeds, the shells of nuts and the stone of stone fruits
State which type of ground tissue is dead or living at maturity
Parenchyma - Live
Collenchyma - Live
Sclerenchyma - Dead
What 2 factors make up the xylem?
Tracheids
Vessel Elements
Describe the difference between primary and secondary xylem
Primary xylem – differentiates from procambium in the apical meristem and occurs throughout the plant body
Secondary xylem – differentiates from vascular cambium and is commonly called wood
What is the function of the xylem?
To transport water and dissolved minerals around the plant
What is the function of the phloem?
Transports sugar, proteins and minerals around the plant
What are the types of vascular tissue?
Xylem
Phloem
What is the difference between primary and secondary phloem?
- Primary phloem – differentiate from procambium and extends throughout the primary body of the plant
- Secondary phloem – differentiates from vascular cambium and constitutes the inner layer of the bark (periderm)
Are vascular tissue living or non-living?
Non-living
What forms vascular rays and what is their function?
Living parenchyma cells between xylem - transports water to the cortex of the stem
Describe the structure of xylem tracheids
long, tapering cells with pits in walls for water to pass in/out - the only water conducting cells in most woody, non flowering plants
Describe the structure of xylem vessel elements
occur in several groups of plants, including angiosperm – have a larger diameter than tracheids and no wall end – stacked end-on-end to form tube network
What 4 types of cell are found in the phloems of flowering plants?
Sieve tube members
Companion cells
Fibres
Parenchyma
What is the main difference between xylem and phloem transportation?
Xylem only flows from roots upwards
Phloem can transport sugars up and down the plant
What is transpiration
The exhalation of water vapour through the stomata
Which type of ground tissue is responsible for wound healing and regeneration?
Parenchyma
Which type of ground tissue lacks protoplasts?
Sclerenchyma
Fibres and Sclereids are types of which ground tissue?
Sclerenchyma
Which ground tissue is found in the cortex of stems and leaves
Sclerenchyma
Which ground tissue is found mainly in growing shoots and leaves?
Collenchyma
Which ground tissue provides structural support in shoots and leaves?
Collenchyma
