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BIO & GENETICS > Plant Organs > Flashcards

Plant Organs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the plant organs?

A

Stems
Roots
Leaves

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2
Q

what root systems do monocots vs dicots have

A 
monocots = fibrous root system 
dicots = taproot system (usually)
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3
Q

What is the main different between monocots and dicots?

A

monocots have one cotyledon embryo

Dicots have two

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4
Q

what difference is there in monocot vs dicot leaves?

A 
Monocots = veins are usually parallel
Dicots = veins usually net-like
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5
Q

what difference are there in monocot vs dicot stems?

A

Vascular bundles
Monocots = complexly arranged bundles
Dicots = arranged in a ring (usually)

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6
Q

what difference are there in monocot vs dicot flowers?

A 
Monocots = floral parts in multiples of 3
dicots = floral parts in multiples of four or five
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7
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary roots?

A

primary grow downwards

secondary branch outwards

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8
Q

what are the 4 main types of root systems?

A

Taproot
Fibrous
Prop/ adventitious
Ariel

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9
Q

What are the 3 main functions of roots?

A

absorb minerals and water from soil
anchor and support plant
store food made from photosynthesis

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10
Q

What is the tip of the root called?

A

root cap

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11
Q

What is the function of the root cap?

A

regulate primary growth of root through specialised meristem cells

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12
Q

what kind of cells cover the root

A

a single layer of epidermal cells = epidermis

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13
Q

what tissue is found beneath the epidermis of the roots?

A

ground tissue

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14
Q

what type of tissue is found in the centre of roots?

A

vascular tissue

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15
Q

what adaptation makes root vascular tissue efficient carriers for water and minerals?

A

they have a waxy layer to prevent leakage

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16
Q

how many layers of epidermal cells make up the epidermis of the stem?

A

1

17
Q

what replaces the epidermis of trees?

A

bark

18
Q

what are the 3 main functions of stem?

A

to hold up leaves (for photosynthesis)
transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves
storage (only in some plants)
Structural support

19
Q

How does the phloem translocate sugar?

A

Pressure-flow hypothesis and turgid cell pressure

20
Q

when is stomata most open?

A

midday

21
Q

what are the 6 structural parts of the stem?

A

Node - where leaves attach
Internode - stem between nodes
Rhizome - horizontal underground stem
Tuber - underground stem for food storage
Bulb - large bud with layers for food storage
Corm - upright thickened underground stem

22
Q

what are very thick, specialised stems good for? Give an example

A

Storing lots of food and water - i.e: Australian baobab tree can store up to 120,000 L of water in trunk

23
Q

what are specialised vine stems good for?

A

clinging and climbing - have thicker, threadlike tendrils at ends to twine and grip surfaces e.g: devil’s ivy

24
Q

what are woody tree trunks specialised for?

A

strength and support - can grow very tall

25
Q

what are rhizomes specialised for? Give an example

A

vegetative asexual reproduction - have horizontal underground stems

i.e: ginger, flag iris

26
Q

What are thorns specialised for?

A

Protection from herbivores

27
Q

what does the phloem move?

A

sugars mainly

28
Q

What does the xylem move?

A

water and nutrients

29
Q

which type of meristem causes stem length growth?

A

apical meristems

30
Q

which type of meristem causes stem girth growth?

A

lateral meristems

31
Q

What is bark made from?

A

Cork from cork cambium and phloem

32
Q

How does the pressure-flow hypothesis work?

A
  • Sugar is loaded into sieve tube elements at source (usually leaves) by active transport
  • Water from xylem follows sugar into sieve tube element via osmosis
  • Creates high turgor pressure in phloem, forcing sugar and fluid to the sink (the root)
  • Sugar leaves phloem via active transport and water leaves via osmosis
33
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation

34
Q

What is translocation?

A

the movement of materials from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant

35
Q

According to the cohesion-tension theory, what is the main driver of water movement in the xylem?

A

Transpiration

BIO & GENETICS (21 decks)

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