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Biology > Plant Structures > Flashcards

Plant Structures Flashcards

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1
Q

All living things need g______ to respire and release energy to live

A

Glucose

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2
Q

All food chains start with plants which photosynthesise to make glucose. These are p______

A

Producers

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3
Q

What is biomass?

A

All the material in an organism

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4
Q

Where does all biomass come from?

A

The producers

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5
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

Carbon dioxide+water—>glucose+oxygen

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6
Q

How is sunlight absorbed for photosynthesis?

A

The chlorophyll found in the leaves

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7
Q

What else can glucose be stored as?

A

Starch

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8
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A chemical reaction where the products have more energy than the reactants

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9
Q

Why is photosynthesis endothermic?

A

Because glucose and oxygen have more energy than carbon dioxide and water

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10
Q

How do root hair cell take in minerals and water?

A
  • water enters via osmosis

- minerals taken up by active transport

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11
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to their function?

A

‘Hairs’ provide a large surface are for the water and mineral intake

Thin cell wall for a short path for water and minerals

Many mitochondria, providing energy for active transport

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12
Q

What is the difference in concentration of mineral ions in the cell than the soil?

A

Concentration of mineral ions is usually higher in the cells than the soil around them

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13
Q

What is a ‘limiting factor’?

A

Something that affects the rate of photosynthesis

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14
Q

What are the 3 limiting factors?

A

Light intensity

Carbon dioxide concentration

Temperature

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15
Q

What does the waxy cuticle of the leaf cell do?

A

Reduces water loss

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16
Q

What do palisade cells do?

A

Many chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis

17
Q

What does the spongy layer do?

A

Air gaps for carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse through the leaf

18
Q

What do guard cells do?

A

Open and close the stomata

19
Q

What does the stomata do?

A

Pores to allow gas exchange

  • open in the day for CO2 for photosynthesis (water leaves)
  • close at night to prevent water loss and wilting
20
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Water moves up a plant in the xylem vessels and evaporates out through the stomata

21
Q

What are the 5 steps of transpiration?

A
  1. Water enters root hair cells via osmosis
  2. Water enters bottom of xylem vessels from the root by osmosis
  3. Water is pulled up the xylem vessels
  4. Water enters the leaf cells by osmosis
  5. Water evaporates through stomata
22
Q

What can be used to estimate the rate of transpiration?

A

Potometer

23
Q

What is the equation for transpiration?

A

Distance bubble moves/time

mm/min

24
Q

How and why does light affect the rate of transpiration?

A

In bright light, transpiration increases

Because more stomata open (more CO2 in)

25
Q

How and why does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Transpiration is faster in higher temperatures

Evaporation and diffusion take place at a faster rate

26
Q

How and why does wind affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Transpiration is faster in windy conditions

Water vapour is removed faster keeping concentration gradient steep

27
Q

Why are xylem vessels long tubes with no ends?

A

Because ends would slow the water down

28
Q

Why do xylem vessels contain lignin?

A

Makes walls strong

prevents collapse of xylem under pressure

29
Q

Why are xylem vessels dead cells with no nucleus and little cytoplasm?

A

Dead cells - no energy is wasted

No nucleus + little cytoplasm - space for water to flow

30
Q

Why do xylem vessels have tiny pores in the walls?

A

Allows water to move in and out

31
Q

What is translocation?

A

When glucose is converted into sucrose an moves up and down the plant in the phloem tissue

32
Q

What are the 2 parts of the phloem tissue and what do they do?

A

Companion cells - actively load sucrose into the sieve tubes

Sieve tubes - translocate sucrose up and down the stem

33
Q

Why does the phloem tissue contain living cells?

A

So the cell can have active processes

34
Q

Why do companion cells contain lots of mitochondria?

A

Cells can respire and release energy to actively load sucrose into sieve tubes

35
Q

Why are there pores between the companion cells and the sieve tubes?

A

Allows sucrose to be actively loaded

Biology (10 decks)

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