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Biology > Animal Coordination > Flashcards

Animal Coordination Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers which diffuse into the blood to travel to their target organs where they bring about their effect

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2
Q

What are hormones produced by?

A

Endocrine glands

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3
Q

What does the pituitary gland produce and what effect does it have?

A
  • growth hormone

- stimulates growth by encouraging mitosis

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4
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce and what effect does it have?

A
  • thyroxine

- controls metabolic rate

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5
Q

What does the adrenal gland produce and what effect does it have?

A
  • adrenaline

- controls fight or flight response

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6
Q

What does the pancreas produce and what effect does it have? (2)

A

Insulin - lowers blood glucose

Glucagon - increases blood glucose

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7
Q

What do the testes produce and what effect does it have?

A
  • testosterone

- male development during puberty

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8
Q

What do the ovaries produce and what effect do they have?

A

Oestrogen/progesterone

Female development during puberty

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9
Q

What dk frightening experiences release?

A

Adrenaline

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10
Q

What are adrenaline’s effects on the body? (4)

A
  • rapid heart beat
  • increased blood sugar concentration
  • more energy
  • increased blood pressure
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11
Q

What can too much/too little glucose do to the body?

A

Organ damage, fits and can be life threatening

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12
Q

What is the blood glucose concentration like after a meal?

A

It’s high

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13
Q

What is the blood glucose concentration like after exercise?

A

It’s low

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14
Q

What monitors blood glucose concentration?

A

The pancreas

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15
Q

What are the two hormones made by the pancreas which control blood glucose concentration?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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16
Q

What is negative feedback

A

A way your body can control the levels of hormones in the blood using negative feedback systems

17
Q

Explain the differences between neurones and hormones

A

Neurones:

  • very fast action
  • very short time
  • precise area

Hormones:

  • slower action
  • act for a long time
  • more general
18
Q

What are the steps when the thyroxine levels decrease?

A
  • when the thyroxine level is lower than usual, the hypothalamus is stimulated to release TRH
  • TRH stimulates the pituitary glands to release TSH
  • TSH stimulates the thyroid glands to release thyroxine so the levels return to normal
19
Q

What happens when the levels of thyroxine increase?

A

The release of TRH from the hypothalmus is inhibited, reducing the production of TSH, so thyroxine levels fall

20
Q

What does insulin do when the glucose levels rise?

A

Insulin causes glucose to change to glycogen which is stored in the liver

21
Q

What does glucagon do when glucose levels fall?

A

Glucagon is released, causing glycogen to turn back to glucose

22
Q

What happens in day 1-4 of the menstrual cycle? (2)

A

The lining of the uterus breaks down

Low levels of oestrogen and progesterone, egg starts to develop

23
Q

What happens in day 4-14 of the menstrual cycle? (2)

A
  • lining of uterus builds up and thickens

- oestrogen repairs uterus wall

24
Q

What happens in day 14-28 of the menstrual cycle? (2)

A
  • Uterus lining stays thick (because of progesterone)

- if egg isn’t fertilised, oestrogen and progesterone levels drop (menstruation)

25
Q

What happens if the egg is fertilised?

A

Progesterone levels remain high, keeping uterus lining thick so the embryo can embed the uterus lining

26
Q

What is type 1 diabetes caused by?

A

Pancreas doesn’t produce insulin

27
Q

How is type 1 diabetes controlled? (2)

A
  • injections of insulin into fat layer

- avoiding foods rich in sugars/carbs

28
Q

How do people with type 1 diabetes reduce the amount of insulin needed? (2)

A
  • regular exercise to reduce glucose

- less sugar in diet

29
Q

What is type 2 diabetes caused by?

A

Cells don’t react to insulin

30
Q

How is type 2 diabetes controlled? (3)

A
  • avoiding foods rich in sugar/carbs
  • regular exercise
  • losing weight
31
Q

What are 3 risk factors of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • obesity
  • age
  • diet high in sugar
32
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be detected? (2)

A
  • BMI

- waist/hip ratio

33
Q

What is contraception?

A

The prevention of fertilisation

34
Q

How does barrier contraception work?

A

Physically stops gametes fusing

35
Q

How does hormone contraception work?

A

Disrupts the hormones that control the menstrual cycle

Biology (10 decks)

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