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Biology > Cells And Control > Flashcards

Cells And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

cell division, producing 2 genetically identical diploid body cells

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2
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

Only contains 23 chromosomes

Eg sperm and egg

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3
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

46 chromosomes

Eg animals

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4
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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5
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

New subcellular structures are made and dna replicates

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6
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Nucleus breaks down and spindle fibres begin to form

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7
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Spindle fibres attach to the chromosome which then line up in the equator of the cell

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8
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres shorten pulling the chromosomes to the poles of the cell

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9
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Two new nuclei form

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10
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm splits to form two new cells

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11
Q

How can mitosis cause cancer?

A

When cell division becomes out of control and form lumps of cells called tumours

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12
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Stem cells are able to change to become specialised cells

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13
Q

What is cell elongation?

A

Plant cell expands making the cell bigger

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14
Q

What happens in animal growth?

A

Cell division

No elongation

Stop growing when adults

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15
Q

What happens in plant growth?

A

Cell division

Elongation in shoot and root tips

Don’t stop growing

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16
Q

What are growth percentile charts used for?

A

To assess a child’s development over time

17
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated

Can divide to make more cells or can differentiate into specialised cells

18
Q

Where are plant stem cells found?

A

Meristem

19
Q

What can embryonic stem cells do?

A

Become almost any type of cell in the body so the embryo can become a full person

20
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

Only in certain places in differentiated tissues

21
Q

Adult stem cells can only become…

A

A small range of cell types

22
Q

How are stem cells used in medicine?

A

Doctors can make stem cells differentiate into the type of cell that is damaged in the ill person and inject them where they are needed

Also used to test new drugs

23
Q

Why can’t adult stem cells be used to treat every disease?

A

Difficult to remove

24
Q

Why would taking adult stem cells from the ill person be beneficial?

A

They are less likely to be rejected by the body’s immune system

25
Q

Why are embryonic stem cells easy to extract?

A

An embryo is just a ball of cells and can become almost any cell type

26
Q

Why would embryonic stem cells be rejected by the ill person’s immune system?

A

Because it doesn’t come from the ill persons body

27
Q

What is an ethical objection of using an embryonic stem cell?

A

Catholics believe life begins at fertilisation so it would be seen as murder

28
Q

What is the cns?

A

Central nervous system

Brain and spinal chord

29
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

The rest of the body, made up of lots on nerve cells called neurones

30
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Change in environment

31
Q

What do neurones do?

A

Carry electrical signals called impulses to the cns which coordinates the response and sends impulses to effectors which bring about the response

32
Q

What is sending impulses called?

A

Neurotransmission

33
Q

What is the order of neurotransmission?

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector 
Response
34
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

Insulates and speeds up transmission

35
Q

What is a reflex arc and why is it needed?

A

When we need to react fast, the impulse only goes to your spinal chord, not your brain which makes it faster

36
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Gaps between neurones

37
Q

What do synapses do?

A

Convert electrical energy into chemical energy

38
Q

What do neurotransmitters do?

A

Diffuse across the synapse

Biology (10 decks)

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