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Biology > Key Concepts In Biology > Flashcards

Key Concepts In Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

Cells with a nucleus

Eg animal and plant cells

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2
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A cell with no nucleus

Eg bacterial cells

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3
Q

What subcellular structures do plant cells have that animal plants don’t?

A

Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell wall

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4
Q

What is the job of the nucleus?

A

Controls what happens in the cell and carries genetic info

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5
Q

What is the job of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what gets in and out

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6
Q

What is the role of the cytoplasm?

A

Jelly like substance where chemical reactions happen

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7
Q

What happens in ribosomes?

A

Proteins are made

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8
Q

What happens in mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration

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9
Q

What happens in the vacuole?

A

Where cell sap is stored

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10
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Photosynthesis occurs

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11
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Gives structure and support

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12
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A cell which is adapted to perform a specific function

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13
Q

What does the acrosome in a sperm cell do?

A

Breaks down the eggs jelly coat

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14
Q

What type of nucleus does a sperm cell have?

A

Haploid

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15
Q

What type of nucleus does an egg cell have?

A

Haploid

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16
Q

What happens to the cell membrane after fertilisation?

A

It closes to stop more sperm entering

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17
Q

What do cilia do?

A

They beat to and fro to move the egg towards the sperm

18
Q

Where are cilia also found?

A

In the airways to move mucus away from the lungs

19
Q

What does the chromosomal dna in a bacterial cell do?

A

Controls the cells activities

20
Q

What is plasmid dna?

A

Small loops of extr dna in a bacterial cell

21
Q

What is resolution?

A

The smallest distance between two points that can be seen as two points

22
Q

What does better resolution mean?

A

More detail

23
Q

What is the magnification equation?

A

Image size = actual size X magnification

24
Q

What are the 4 units used in microscopy?

A

Millimetres
Micrometres
Nanometres
Picometres

25
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst - speeds up chemical reactions

26
Q

What are they molecules that enzymes work on called?

A

Substrates

27
Q

Why are enzymes specific?

A

They only work with one specific substrate

28
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, then the enzyme breaks down the substrate making 2 products

29
Q

Types of enzymes

Carbohydrates are…

… enzymes break down carbs in our food

A

Carbohydrates are large molecules made out of lots of sugar molecules joined together

Carbohydrase enzymes

30
Q

Types of enzymes

Proteins are…

… enzymes break down proteins in our food

A

Proteins are large molecules made out of lots of amino acids joined together

Protease enzymes

31
Q

Types of enzymes

Lipids are…

…enzymes break down the fats in our food

A

Lipids are large molecules made out of lots of glycerol and fatty acids joined together

Lipase enzymes

32
Q

What is the equation for rate of reaction?

A

Amount of product formed/time

33
Q

If the temperature of enzymes is below the optimum, what happens?

A

There is more kinetic energy so the rate increases

34
Q

If the temperature of an enzyme is above the optimum what happens?

A

The bonds in the enzyme break and the shape of the active site changes so much that the enzyme denatures

35
Q

What happens when you change the pH of an enzyme a little?

A

Changes the shape of the active site, making the rate of reaction decrease, eventually denaturing

36
Q

Describe substrate concentration

A

As the rate of concentration of substrate increases, the rate of reaction increases but only up to a point

After this, the rate plateaus (stays the same)

There are more substrates than enzymes

37
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Passive movement of molecules from a high to low concentration

38
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The passive movement of water molecules from a high to low concentration across a partially permeable membrane

39
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy from respiration so transport proteins can carry the molecules across the membrane

40
Q

How do you investigate osmosis?

A

Tubes with different concentration of substrates in them
Equal sized piece of potato in each
Measure weight of potato before and after putting it in

Biology (10 decks)

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