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Botany > Plant Stem > Flashcards

Plant Stem Flashcards

1
Q

Function of stem:
- maximize photosynthesis
- proper orientation of shoot system
- elevate reproductive organs

A

Orient shoot

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2
Q

Function of stem:
Needed for long-distance transport of water, minerals, photosynthesis, and hormones

A

Conduits of vascular tissues

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3
Q

Where does the stem develop from?

A

epicotyl and sometimes hypocotyl

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4
Q

Stem classification

A
  • Organization and structures; presences or absence of secondary growth
  • evolutionary origin; plant groups
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5
Q

Plant groups

A

monocots
herbaceous eudicot
woody dicot

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6
Q

Presence or Absence of secondary growth:
Without persistent woody stem; herb with annual stems from a perennial roots

A

Herbaceous

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7
Q

Presence or Absence of secondary growth:
with woody tissues; having great girth; common to large shrubs and trees

A

Woody

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8
Q

Presence or Absence of secondary growth:
subshrub; plant with annual soots from a woody subterranean base

A

Suffrutex

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9
Q

What do you call a plant that does not possess a stem?

A

Acaule

ex. duckweed family

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10
Q

External Features:
where leaves are attached

A

Nodes

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11
Q

External Features:
regions between nodes; developed by intercalary growth

A

Internodes

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12
Q

Internode:
no organized meristem, mitotic activity occurs between nodes

A

Intercalary growth

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13
Q

External Features:
corky eruptions in bark that allow gas exchange

A

Lenticels

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14
Q

External Features:
Remnants of other structures of other structures when they are lost, damaged or abscised

A

Scars

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15
Q

External Features:
under developed or resting meristems; immature shoots with or without bud scales ~ leaf coverings

A

Buds

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16
Q

Classification of buds based on development:
give rise to branch of leaves

A

Vegetative bud

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17
Q

Classification of buds based on development:
give rise to flowers or group of flowers

A

Floral bud

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18
Q

Classification of buds based on position:
apical; at extreme tip

A

Terminal bud

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19
Q

Classification of buds based on position:
auxilliary; located at leaf axils

A

Lateral bud

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20
Q

Classification of buds based on position:
Additional to lateral buds

A

Accessory bud

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21
Q

Classification of buds based on position:
located other than nodes (internodes, leaves, roots)

A

Adventitious bud

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22
Q

Internal Features - Stem Histology:
consists of epidermis, cortex, ring of vascular tissues, and pith

A

Eudicot

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23
Q

Internal Features - Stem Histology:
Vascular bundles are intertwined with ground tissues ~ medullary bundles

A

Monocot

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24
Q

Dermal Tissues:
covers stem interior; consists of single layered epidermal cells covered with___

A

Epidermis

Waxy cuticle

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25
Q

Ground Tissues:
Layer between epidermis and vascular tissues

A

Cortex

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26
Q

Ground Tissues:
- Region of cortex consisting of one or more layers of cells lying under epidermis
- made up of pure, weak parenchyma cells that are laid early which can destroy pith during primary growth
- Functions:
___
___

A

Hypodermis

Functions:
Storage
Support

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27
Q

Ground Tissues:
- Inner cortical region containing casparian strips
- provides barrier between two regions limiting layers between stele and cortex

A

Endodermis

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28
Q

Vascular Tissues:
FIRST development of xylem, flexible, short-lived

A

Protoxylem

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29
Q

Vascular Tissues:
Development of xylem right before maturity, less flexible, long life span but still becomes useful after death

A

Metaxylem

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30
Q

Vascular Tissues:
FIRST development of phloem, flexible, short-lived

A

Protophloem

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31
Q

Vascular Tissues:
Development of phloem right before maturity, Long life span and continuously functional

A

Metaphloem

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32
Q

Phloem surrounding the xylem

A

Amphicribral

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33
Q

Xylem surrounding the phloem

A

Amphivasal

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34
Q

Phloem is to the outside or abaxial to the xylem

A

Collateral bundle

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35
Q

Primary phloem may be found on both the inner and outer sides of the xylem

A

Bicollateral bundle

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36
Q

Patterns of xylem development in stem:
Protoxylem in the middle, surrounded by Metaxylem

A

Centrarch

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37
Q

Patterns of xylem development in stem:
Same with centrarch but with multiple vascular strands

A

Mesarch

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38
Q

Patterns of xylem development in stem:
- Metaxylem is exterior/abaxial of protoxylem
- Common in angiosperm stem

A

Endarch

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39
Q

Patterns of xylem development in stem:
- Metaxylem is interior/abaxial of protoxylem
- common in angiosperm roots

A

Exarch

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40
Q

What are monocots lacking in and why?

A

Secondary phloem; no secondary growth

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41
Q

Primary phloem is____, no _____ in gymnosperms, monocots, or eudicots

A

axial; radial primary vasculature

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42
Q

True or False:
Metaphloem sieve tube elements are large than those found in protophloem

A

True

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43
Q

True or False:
Metaphloem development starts before organ stops growth in length

A

False: after

44
Q

Metaphloem in woody dicots is crushed by what?

A

Secondary phloem

45
Q

Variations in Stem Architecture:
- common in roots
- cylindrical core of xylem surrounded by phloem

A

Prostele: Haplostele

46
Q

Variations in stem architecture:
- common in stems of whisk ferns, and roots of seed plants
- lobed core of xylem surrounded by phloem

A

Prostele: Actinostele

47
Q

Variations in stem architecture:
- common in modern club mosses
- interconnected plate-like regions of xylem surrounded by and immersed in phloem tissue

A

Protostele: Plectostele

48
Q

Variations in stem architecture:
- common in ferns
- has two types

A

Siphonosteles: Solenostele

49
Q

Variations in stem architecture:
Type of Solenostele:
Phloem to the exterior of xylem

A

Ectophloic

50
Q

Variations in stem architecture:
Type of Solenostele:
Phloem to both sides of xylem

A

Amphiphloic

51
Q

Variations in stem architecture:
- common in stems or rhizomes of ferns
- multiple leaf gaps result in a net-like arrangement

A

Siphonostele: Dictyostele

52
Q

Variations in stem architecture:
- stem of seed plants; eudicots
- discrete vascular bundles are arranged in a field of pith

A

Siphonostele: Eustele

53
Q

Variations in stem architecture:
- monocots
- Subtype of eustele in which vascular bundles are apparently scattered throughout the pith

A

Siphonostele: Atactostele

54
Q

Secondary growth patterns in eudicots:

name the three

A
  1. connection of vascular bundles through interfascicular cambium
  2. single ring of vascular cambium that produces concentric rings of vascular tissues
  3. Separation of individual bundles due to interfascicular cambium producing parenchyma that causes pith rays.
55
Q

Secondary growth in monocot stems:

where do they gain significant support from?

A

sclerenchyma tissues and fibrous strands:
- arenchyma- filled stem
- large bundles of fibers
- heavy sclerified vascular bundles

56
Q

Secondary growth in Monocot Stem:

what are the 3 mechanisms to increase diameter and strength

A
  1. primary thickening meristems
  2. secondary thickening meristems
  3. intercalary meristems
57
Q

Secondary growth present in?

A

ALL gymnosperms
MOST basal angiosperms (herb)
MANY Eudicots (herb)

58
Q

Secondary growth absent in

A

Ferns and monocots

59
Q

Why must gymnosperms and woodydicots increase amount of vasculature?

A

accommodate increase in stem and root diameter and serve a large shoot and root system to increase support and transport of plant

60
Q

Vascular cambium:
mitosis produces what

A

xylem initials: to inner side

phloem initials: to outer side

61
Q

Why do initials undergo multiple mitosis rounds?

A

to contribute to girth and maturity of stem and root

62
Q

True or False:
TRUE vascular cambium is multiple layered

A

False: one cell layer but has cambial zones

63
Q

How do initials divide?

A

mostly periclinally and are bifacial (produce both inner and outer sides)

secondary phloem deriavtives to the outside

secondary xylem derivatives to the inside

64
Q

What happens when Vascular cambium process continues?

A

older phloem to the exterior gets crushed and xylem cells to interior differentiate into woody tissue (lignification)

65
Q

What CAN NOT further develop primary vasculature and why?

A

monocots and herbaceous eudicot; Vascular bundle is closed

66
Q

What CAN further develop primary vasculature and why?

A

gymnosperms and woody eudicot; Vascular bundle is open and contains fascicular and interfascicular cambium

67
Q

Vascular Cambium cell types:
- conducts materials up and down plant axis
- consist of xylem, phloem, and their derivatives

A

Axial system

68
Q

Vascular cambium cell types:
- move materials in short distance from axial system outward to living portion of bark
- with phloem and xylem rays from (parenchyma and some sclerenchyma)

A

Radial system

69
Q

Elongated and tapered parenchyma cells that produce axial system elements of secondary tissues

A

Fusiform initials

70
Q

True or False:
One fusiform initial will always remain as cambium

A

True

71
Q

True or False:
Phloem is produced more than xylem

A

False: xylem is produced more than phloem

72
Q

Type of cell division:
Longitudinal cell division with a wall PERPENDICULAR to cambium surface

A

Anticlinal Division

73
Q

Type of cell division:
Longitudinal cell division with a wall PARALLEL to circumference of cambium

A

Periclinal Division

74
Q

Shorter cells, cuboidal, elongated along radial axis and generate cells of radial system and undergo periclinal division

A

Ray Initials

75
Q

Initial cell arrangement:
tapered end walls that are aligned in the same plane, uncommon and has short fusiform initials and has multiseriate rays

A

Storied cambium

76
Q

Initial cell arrangement:
irregular; ends of walls are not alligned, most common with long fusiform initials, and has uniseriate rays

A

Non-storied cambium

77
Q

What is wood

A

multiyear accumulation of xylem growth, is widely used plant product in the world, and functions as support and conduit of water

78
Q

Wood composition:

What are the steps of wood manufacturing

A
  1. cell division
  2. axial and radial enlargement
  3. cell wall thickening
  4. programmed cell death
79
Q

What happens to xylem and phloem in wood?

A

xylem becomes one tree ring and phloem becomes crushed and incorporates into periderm

80
Q

Sections of wood:
perpendicular to long axis of stem and reveals annual growth rings

A

Cross-section

81
Q

Sections of wood:
parallel to longitudinal axis and runs through center of stem; expose side view of rays from center to exterior

A

Radial section

82
Q

Sections of wood:
also parallel but off-center and allow visualization of end of rays

A

Tangential section

83
Q

Wood density:
gymonsperms - lack fibers

A

softwood

84
Q

Wood density:
angiosperm eudicot - with vessel elements and fibers

A

hardwood

85
Q

Wood pigmentation:
outermost region, lighter color, high moisture level, stores some energy reserves

A

Sapwood

86
Q

Wood pigmentation:
innermost region, darker color, less water and mineral reserves, not active in translocation

A

Heartwood

87
Q

Formed when plant is under stress, it is non-conducting and prone to fungal invasion. plug for water retention

A

tyloses

88
Q

True or False:
vascular is inactive during extreme seasonal climate

A

True

89
Q

Always has one layer of cork cambium, cuboidal and forms phelloderm in the inner and phellem in the outer

A

Cork cambium/pellogen

90
Q

chemically inter and water proof, prevents animals from eating it due to cell death, and temporary protection of inner organs of stem

A

Periderm

91
Q

Type of bark:
all tissues outside the innermost cork cambium

A

outer bark

92
Q

Type of bark:
all secondary phloem between vascular cambium and innermost cork cambium

A

inner bark

93
Q

Stem modification:
Supporting itself by the main or lateral stems coiling around a structure or another plant

A

Support; Twiners

94
Q

Stem modification:
Slender coiling structure derived from branch and used in climbing

A

Support; Tendril

95
Q

Stem modification:
Slender process with curved or bent part at the tip for latching

A

Support; Hooks

96
Q

Stem modification:
Grows upwards by attaching itself to other structures for support; adventitious roots that arise from stem

A

Support; Root climbers

97
Q

Stem modification:
Underground stem, distinguished from root by its nodes, buds or scale-like leaves

A

Storage; Rhizomes

98
Q

Stem modification:
thickened branch of underground stem, serving as storage organ, distinguished by bearing leaves, leave scars, and auxiliary buds

A

Storage; tubers

99
Q

Stem modification:
underground storage organ where bud is enlcosed by fleshy scale leaves and/or leaf bases

A

Storage; blubs

100
Q

Stem modification;
Short underground swollen storage stem

A

Storage; corm

101
Q

Stem modification:
Pointed woody structure derived from reduced branch

A

Protection; thorn

102
Q

Stem modification:
Sharp outgrowth from the epidermis, detachable without tearing organ

A

Protection; prickle

103
Q

Stem modification:
vegetative shoot spreading along surface of the ground

A

Reproduction; runner/stolon

104
Q

Stem modification:
Rooting at nodes where it may give rise to new plantlets

A

Reproduction; underground/stem budding

105
Q

Stem modification:
Portion of stem or branch flattened and expanded to serve the functions of a leaf

A

Photosynthesis; Phyllocladde/Cladode

106
Q

Stem modification:
laterally flattened photosynthetic blade, undeveloped or underdeveloped rachis and pinnae that serve purpose of leaf

A

Photosynthesis; Phyllodde

107
Q

Stem modification:
Stems may be chlorophyllous and add to photosynthetic capacity of plant

A

Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic stem

Botany (12 decks)

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