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Botany > Flower > Flashcards

Flower Flashcards

1
Q

Flower definition

A

Shortened shoot, modified for sexual reproduction witin angiosperms

Reproduction organs: stamen + carpels

Production and protection of embryo

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2
Q

Flower Parts:
Floral stalk

A

Pedicel

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3
Q

Flower Parts:
Region where other floral parts are attached

A

Receptacle

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4
Q

Flower Parts:
reduced leaf often on side of the pedicel

A

bract

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5
Q

Flower Parts:
outermost non-reproductive group of modified leaves of a flower

A

Perianth

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6
Q

Type of Perianth:
outermost floral appendage; assemblage of sepals is the calyx

A

Sepals

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7
Q

Type of Perianth:
innermost whorl of colored modified leaves for attraction; forms the corolla

A

Petals

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8
Q

Flower Parts:
refers to all male organs; microsporophyll

A

Andromecium/stamen

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9
Q

Type of Androecium/Stamen:
stalk-like

A

Filament

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10
Q

Type of Androecium/Stamen:
pollen-bearing part

A

Anther

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11
Q

Flower Part:
refers to all female organs; megasporophyll

A

Gynoecium/carpel

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12
Q

Type of Gynoecium/Carpel:
catches pollen grains

A

Stigma

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13
Q

Type of Gynoecium/Carpel:
elevates the stigma

A

Style

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14
Q

Type of Gynoecium/Carpel:
where megaspores are produced

A

Ovary

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15
Q

Flower Whorls:
With 4 whorls: sepal, petal, stamen, and carpel

A

Complete

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16
Q

Flower whorls:
flower lacking 1 ore more of the 4 major whorl parts

A

incomplete

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17
Q

Flower attachment:
With pedicel

A

Pedicellate

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18
Q

Flower attachment:
lacking a pedicel

A

Sessile

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19
Q

Flower attachment:
having a short, rudimentary pedicel

A

subsessile

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20
Q

What do you call the opening of anthers?

A

Anthesis

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21
Q

Flower maturation:
refers to stamens developing first, or pollen release occurring first

A

Protandry

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22
Q

Flower maturation:
refers to when carpels or stigmas develop first before stamens mature or pollen is released

A

Protogyny

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23
Q

Flower maturation:
Flower in which the perianth remains closed at maturity; auto-fertilization

A

Cleistogamy

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24
Q

Flower maturation:
Normal situation where the perianth opens at maturity and pollen may be dispersed

A

Chasmogamy

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25
Q

Flower symmetry:
3 or more planes of symmetry

A

Actinomorphic/radial symmetry

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26
Q

Flower symmetry:
only one plane of symmetry

A

Zygomorphic/bilateral/monosymmetric/irregular symmetry

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27
Q

Flower symmetry:
lacks and plane of symmetry; twisting parts

A

Asymmetric

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28
Q

Steps to floral development:
What model is it patterned in?

A

ABC model:
bracts, calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium

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29
Q

Male Reproductive Structures:
4 steps of formation of pollen grains

A

Microsporophylls bear microsporangia that contain microspores and differentiated into pollen grains.

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30
Q

Male Reproductive Structures:
One anther consists of?

A

four microsporangia
two thecae (singular theca)

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31
Q

Where can stamens be attached to? name all 3

A

Receptacle, corolla, hypanthium rim

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32
Q

Stamen types:
Filament + anther

A

Filamentous

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33
Q

Stamen types:
stamen is flattened structure with two thecae on the adaxial surface

A

Laminar

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34
Q

Stamen types:
non fertile stamen

A

Staminode/staminodium

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35
Q

Stamen arrangement:
with stamens arranged in a spiral

A

Spiral

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36
Q

Stamen arrangement:
with stamens in one or more discrete whorls or series

A

Whorled

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37
Q

Stamen arrangement:
with stamens in two unequal pairs

A

Didynamous

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38
Q

Stamen arrangement:
With stamens in two groups of four long and two short

A

Tetradynamous

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39
Q

Stamen arrangement:
with stamens in two equal pairs

A

Didymous

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40
Q

Stamen arrangement:
with stamens in two equal pairs

A

Didymous

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41
Q

Stamen verticil:
single whorl of stamens

A

Uniseriate

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42
Q

Stamen verticil:
two whorls of stamens

A

Biseriate

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43
Q

Stamen position:
opposite to sepals, calyx lobes, or outer whorl of tepals

A

Antisepalous

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44
Q

Stamen position:
stamens positioned between petals or corolla lobes

A

alternipetalous

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45
Q

Stamen position:
stamen position opposite to the petals, corolla lobes, or inner whorl of petals

A

antipetalous

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46
Q

Stamen position:
stamens positioned between the sepals or calyx lobes

A

alternisepalous

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47
Q

Stamen position:
stamens uniseriate, equal in number to petals, and opposite the SEPALS (antisepalous)

A

Haplostemonous

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48
Q

Stamen position:
stamens uniseriate, equal in number to the petals, and opposite the PETALS (antipetalous)

A

obhalostemonous

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49
Q

Stamen position:
stamens biseriate, the outer whorl opposite the SEPALS and the inner whorl opposite petals

A

Diplostemonous

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50
Q

Stamen position:
stamen biseriate, the outer whorl opposite the PETALS, the inner opposite sepals

A

Obdiplostemonous

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51
Q

Stamen insertion:
with stamens protruding beyond the perianth

A

Exserted

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52
Q

Stamen insertion:
with stamens included within the perianth

A

Inserted

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53
Q

Stamen fusion (General terms):
unfused to one another

A

Distinct

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54
Q

Stamen fusion (General terms):
fused to one another

A

connate

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55
Q

Stamen fusion (General terms):
unfused to a different structure

A

free

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56
Q

Stamen fusion (General terms):
fused to a different structure

A

adnate

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57
Q

Stamen fusion:
with stamens unfused (both distinct and free)

A

apostemonous

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58
Q

Stamen fusion:
with stamens adnate to petals or the corolla

A

epipetalous

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59
Q

Stamen fusion:
with two groups of stamens, each connate by filaments only

A

diadelphous

60
Q

Stamen fusion:
with stamens connate by their filaments

A

monoadelphous

61
Q

Stamen fusion:
with anthers connate but filaments distinct

A

syngenesious

62
Q

Anther types:
having two thecae with typically four microsporangia anthers

A

dithecal

63
Q

Anther types:
having one theca with typically two microsporangia

A

monothecal

64
Q

Anther types:
typical dithecal anther in which all pollen grains of both thecae are fused together as a single mass

A

pollinium

65
Q

Anther attachment:
anther attached at its base to apex of the filament (standard)

A

basifixed

66
Q

Anther attachment:
anther attached dorsally and medially to the apex of the filament

A

dorsifixed

67
Q

Anther attachment:
anther attached near its base to the apex of the filament

A

subbasifixed

68
Q

Anther attachment:
anther freely pivots at the point of attachment with the filament

A

versatile

69
Q

Anther dehiscence type:
dehiscing along a structure parallel to the long axis of the thecae (most common)

A

longitudinal

70
Q

Anther dehiscence type:
dehiscing by a pore at one end of the thecae

A

poricidal

71
Q

Anther dehiscence type:
dehiscing at right angles to the long axis of the theca

A

transverse

72
Q

Anther dehiscence type:
dehicing through a pore covered by a flap of tissue

A

valvular

73
Q

Anther dehiscence direction:
dehiscing outward away from the flower center

A

extorse

74
Q

Anther dehiscence direction:
dehiscing inward, toward the flower center

A

intorse

75
Q

Anther dehiscence direction:
dehiscing laterally to the sides

A

latrorse

76
Q

Female reproductive structure:
what is carpel

A

modified leaf, a megasporophyll bearing the megasporangia

77
Q

Collection of carpels fused or not togther

A

Pistil: terminal stigma, elongated style, basal ovary

78
Q

Parts of ovary:
where ovules are produced

A

placenta

79
Q

Parts of ovary:
precursor of seed

A

ovules

80
Q

Parts of ovary:
attaches the ovule to the ovary wall

A

funiculus

81
Q

Parts of ovary:
encloses the nucellus (always two integuments)

A

integuments

82
Q

Parts of ovary:
opening in integument

A

micropyle

83
Q

Parts of ovary:
megasporangium

A

nucellus

84
Q

4 orientation of ovules:

A

anatrophous
ortho”
campylo”
amphi”

85
Q

Floral morphology:
part of gynoecium composed of an ovary. one or more styles, and or one or more stigmas

A

pistil

86
Q

Floral morphology:
contains the ovules

A

ovary

87
Q

Floral morphology:
stalk-like, non ovule bearing portion of pistil

A

style

88
Q

Floral morphology:
pollen receptive portion of pistil

A

stigma

89
Q

Ovary attachment:
cuplike or tubular enlargement of the receptacle loosely surrounding the gynoecium or united with it

A

Hypanthium

90
Q

Style position:
one arising at the ovary apex

A

terminal/apical

91
Q

Style position:
arises to one side, near and slightly below the ovary apex

A

subapical

92
Q

Style position:
one arising at the side of an ovary

A

Lateral

93
Q

Style position:
arises from the base of the ovary

A

Gynobasic

94
Q

Stigma:
disk shaped

A

discoid

95
Q

Stigma:
spherical in shape

A

globose

96
Q

Stigma:
stigmatic tissue are long and narrow

A

Linear

97
Q

Stigma:
feathery, trichome-like extensions, often found in wind-pollinated taxa

A

Plumose

98
Q

Floral Morphology:
Outermost, nonreproductive group of modified leaves; calyx and corolla

A

Perianth

99
Q

Perianth verticil:
which there are two discrete whorls, an outer and an inner

A

Biseriate

100
Q

Perianth verticil:
with perianth parts in a single whorl

A

Uniseriate

101
Q

Perianth cycly:
perianth composed of a distinct outer calyx and inner corolla; mostly in eudicots

A

Dichlamydeous

102
Q

Perianth cycly:
perianth composed of similar parts, each part a tepal; mostly in monocots

A

Homochlamydeous

103
Q

Perianth merosity:
having same number of members in different whorls

A

Isomerous

104
Q

Perianth merosity:
having different number of members in different whorls

A

Anisomerous

105
Q

Floral morphology:
nectar-producing structures of the flower

A

Nectaries

106
Q

Floral morphology:
solution of sugars and various other compounds and functions as an attractant to promote animal pollination

A

Nectar

107
Q

Flower sex:
having both stamens and carpels; ancestral trait in angiosperms

A

Perfect/bisexual/monoclinous

108
Q

Flower sex:
flower is either staminate or pistillate

A

Imperfect/unisexual/diclinous

109
Q

Plant sex:
plant having bisexual flowers

A

hermaphroditic

110
Q

Plant sex:
plant with only unisexual flowers, both staminate and pistillate on the same individual plant

A

monoecious

111
Q

Plant sex:
plat with unisexual flowers, but with staminate and pistillate on separate individual plant

A

Dioecious

112
Q

Inflorescence:
one that subtends not an individual flower but an inflorescence axis or a group of flowers

A

inflorescence bract

113
Q

Inflorescence:
an enlarged, sometimes colored bract subtending and usually enclosing an inflorescence

A

Spathe

114
Q

Inflorescence:
bristle-like, apical appendage on the glumes or lemmas of grass spikelets

A

Awn

115
Q

Inflorescence:
the stalk of an entire inflorescence

A

Peduncle

116
Q

Inflorescence:
major, central axis within an inflorescence

A

Rachis

117
Q

Inflorescence position:
which the entire inflorescence is positioned in the axil of the nearest vegetative leaf

A

Auxilliary

118
Q

Inflorescence position:
in which the inflorescence develops as part of a terminal shoot that gave rise to the nearest vegetative leaves

A

Terminal

119
Q

Inflorescence position:
in which the inflorescence grows directly from a woody trunk

A

Cauliflorous

120
Q

Inflorescence development:
apical meristem of the primary inflorescence axis terminates in a flower

A

Determinate

121
Q

Inflorescence development:
apical meristem of primary inflorescence does not develop into a flower

A

Indeterminate

122
Q

Inflorescence types:
three flowered cyme having a single terminal flower and two opposite lateral flowers

A

Simple dichasium

123
Q

Inflorescence types:
many flowered cyme of a repeatedly branching simple dichasia units

A

compound dichasium

124
Q

Inflorescence types:
branched cyme, similar to a compound dichasium but lacking a consistent dichasial branching pattern

A

Compound cyme

125
Q

Inflorescence types:
axes develop on only one side of each sequential axis

A

Helicoid cyme/bosytryx

126
Q

Inflorescence types:
branches develop on alternating sides of each sequential axis, typically resulting in a geniculate appreance

A

scorpioid cyme/cinicinnus

127
Q

Inflorescence types:
axes develop on only one side of each sequential axis like a helicoid cyme and flowers are on one single plane

A

Drepanium

128
Q

Inflorescence types:
branches develop on alternating sides of each sequential axis like scorpioid cymes, flowers located on one single plane

A

Rhipidium

129
Q

Inflorescence types:
an indeterminate inflorescence, consisting of a single axis bearing sessile flowers

A

spike

130
Q

Inflorescence types:
an indeterminate inflorescence in which the single axis bears pedicellate flowers

A

raceme

131
Q

Inflorescence types:
like branched raceme, defined as an indeterminate inflorescence having several branched axes bearing pedicellate flowers

A

Panicle

132
Q

Inflorescence types:
unbranched, consisting of a central axis bearing pedicellate flowers being flat-topped or convex

A

simple corymb

133
Q

Inflorescence types:
branched, consisting of two or more orders of inflorescence axes bearing flat-topped or convex pedicellate flowers

A

compound corymb

134
Q

Inflorescence types:
determinate or indeterminate, flat-topped or convex inflorescence with pedicels attached at one point to a peduncle

A

simple umbel

135
Q

Inflorescence types:
racemelike or panicle like inflorescence with pedicellate flowers in which internodes between flowers are very short

A

Fascicle

136
Q

Inflorescence types:
inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers in which the internodes between flowers are very short

A

glomerule

137
Q

Inflorescence types:
raceme of cyes in which the main axis is indeterminate but the oppsite, lateral, unit inflorescences are pedicellate cymes

A

Thyrse

138
Q

Inflorescence types:
spike of opposite cymes, similar to a thyrs in having an indeterminate main axis but differing in that the lateral cymes have very reduced to absent internodal axes and pedicels

A

Verticlliaster

139
Q

Inflorescence types:
another secondary inflorescence in which the peduncle bears secondary axes called rays that are attached at one point

A

compound umbel

140
Q

Inflorescence types:
unisexual, typically male spike or elongate axis that falls as a unit after flowering or fruiting

A

catkin

141
Q

Inflorescence types:
bearing small unisexual flowers and subtended by an invlucre, the entire inflorescence resembling a single flower

A

cyathium

142
Q

Inflorescence types:
determinate or indeterminate, corwed group of sessile or subsessile flowers on a compound receptacle

A

head/capitulum

143
Q

Inflorescence types:
bearing numerous flowers on the inside of a convex or involuted compoind receptacle

A

Hypanthodium

144
Q

Inflorescence types:
spike with thickened or fleshy central axis, typically with congested flowers and usually subtended by a spath

A

spandix

145
Q

Inflorescence types:
small spike and refers to the basic inflorescence unit.

A

Spikelet

Botany (14 decks)

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