Flower Flashcards
Flower definition
Shortened shoot, modified for sexual reproduction witin angiosperms
Reproduction organs: stamen + carpels
Production and protection of embryo
Flower Parts:
Floral stalk
Pedicel
Flower Parts:
Region where other floral parts are attached
Receptacle
Flower Parts:
reduced leaf often on side of the pedicel
bract
Flower Parts:
outermost non-reproductive group of modified leaves of a flower
Perianth
Type of Perianth:
outermost floral appendage; assemblage of sepals is the calyx
Sepals
Type of Perianth:
innermost whorl of colored modified leaves for attraction; forms the corolla
Petals
Flower Parts:
refers to all male organs; microsporophyll
Andromecium/stamen
Type of Androecium/Stamen:
stalk-like
Filament
Type of Androecium/Stamen:
pollen-bearing part
Anther
Flower Part:
refers to all female organs; megasporophyll
Gynoecium/carpel
Type of Gynoecium/Carpel:
catches pollen grains
Stigma
Type of Gynoecium/Carpel:
elevates the stigma
Style
Type of Gynoecium/Carpel:
where megaspores are produced
Ovary
Flower Whorls:
With 4 whorls: sepal, petal, stamen, and carpel
Complete
Flower whorls:
flower lacking 1 ore more of the 4 major whorl parts
incomplete
Flower attachment:
With pedicel
Pedicellate
Flower attachment:
lacking a pedicel
Sessile
Flower attachment:
having a short, rudimentary pedicel
subsessile
What do you call the opening of anthers?
Anthesis
Flower maturation:
refers to stamens developing first, or pollen release occurring first
Protandry
Flower maturation:
refers to when carpels or stigmas develop first before stamens mature or pollen is released
Protogyny
Flower maturation:
Flower in which the perianth remains closed at maturity; auto-fertilization
Cleistogamy
Flower maturation:
Normal situation where the perianth opens at maturity and pollen may be dispersed
Chasmogamy
Flower symmetry:
3 or more planes of symmetry
Actinomorphic/radial symmetry
Flower symmetry:
only one plane of symmetry
Zygomorphic/bilateral/monosymmetric/irregular symmetry
Flower symmetry:
lacks and plane of symmetry; twisting parts
Asymmetric
Steps to floral development:
What model is it patterned in?
ABC model:
bracts, calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium
Male Reproductive Structures:
4 steps of formation of pollen grains
Microsporophylls bear microsporangia that contain microspores and differentiated into pollen grains.
Male Reproductive Structures:
One anther consists of?
four microsporangia
two thecae (singular theca)
Where can stamens be attached to? name all 3
Receptacle, corolla, hypanthium rim
Stamen types:
Filament + anther
Filamentous
Stamen types:
stamen is flattened structure with two thecae on the adaxial surface
Laminar
Stamen types:
non fertile stamen
Staminode/staminodium
Stamen arrangement:
with stamens arranged in a spiral
Spiral
Stamen arrangement:
with stamens in one or more discrete whorls or series
Whorled
Stamen arrangement:
with stamens in two unequal pairs
Didynamous
Stamen arrangement:
With stamens in two groups of four long and two short
Tetradynamous
Stamen arrangement:
with stamens in two equal pairs
Didymous
Stamen arrangement:
with stamens in two equal pairs
Didymous
Stamen verticil:
single whorl of stamens
Uniseriate
Stamen verticil:
two whorls of stamens
Biseriate
Stamen position:
opposite to sepals, calyx lobes, or outer whorl of tepals
Antisepalous
Stamen position:
stamens positioned between petals or corolla lobes
alternipetalous
Stamen position:
stamen position opposite to the petals, corolla lobes, or inner whorl of petals
antipetalous
Stamen position:
stamens positioned between the sepals or calyx lobes
alternisepalous
Stamen position:
stamens uniseriate, equal in number to petals, and opposite the SEPALS (antisepalous)
Haplostemonous
Stamen position:
stamens uniseriate, equal in number to the petals, and opposite the PETALS (antipetalous)
obhalostemonous
Stamen position:
stamens biseriate, the outer whorl opposite the SEPALS and the inner whorl opposite petals
Diplostemonous
Stamen position:
stamen biseriate, the outer whorl opposite the PETALS, the inner opposite sepals
Obdiplostemonous
Stamen insertion:
with stamens protruding beyond the perianth
Exserted
Stamen insertion:
with stamens included within the perianth
Inserted
Stamen fusion (General terms):
unfused to one another
Distinct
Stamen fusion (General terms):
fused to one another
connate
Stamen fusion (General terms):
unfused to a different structure
free
Stamen fusion (General terms):
fused to a different structure
adnate
Stamen fusion:
with stamens unfused (both distinct and free)
apostemonous
Stamen fusion:
with stamens adnate to petals or the corolla
epipetalous
Stamen fusion:
with two groups of stamens, each connate by filaments only
diadelphous
Stamen fusion:
with stamens connate by their filaments
monoadelphous
Stamen fusion:
with anthers connate but filaments distinct
syngenesious
Anther types:
having two thecae with typically four microsporangia anthers
dithecal
Anther types:
having one theca with typically two microsporangia
monothecal
Anther types:
typical dithecal anther in which all pollen grains of both thecae are fused together as a single mass
pollinium
Anther attachment:
anther attached at its base to apex of the filament (standard)
basifixed
Anther attachment:
anther attached dorsally and medially to the apex of the filament
dorsifixed
Anther attachment:
anther attached near its base to the apex of the filament
subbasifixed
Anther attachment:
anther freely pivots at the point of attachment with the filament
versatile
Anther dehiscence type:
dehiscing along a structure parallel to the long axis of the thecae (most common)
longitudinal
Anther dehiscence type:
dehiscing by a pore at one end of the thecae
poricidal
Anther dehiscence type:
dehiscing at right angles to the long axis of the theca
transverse
Anther dehiscence type:
dehicing through a pore covered by a flap of tissue
valvular
Anther dehiscence direction:
dehiscing outward away from the flower center
extorse
Anther dehiscence direction:
dehiscing inward, toward the flower center
intorse
Anther dehiscence direction:
dehiscing laterally to the sides
latrorse
Female reproductive structure:
what is carpel
modified leaf, a megasporophyll bearing the megasporangia
Collection of carpels fused or not togther
Pistil: terminal stigma, elongated style, basal ovary
Parts of ovary:
where ovules are produced
placenta
Parts of ovary:
precursor of seed
ovules
Parts of ovary:
attaches the ovule to the ovary wall
funiculus
Parts of ovary:
encloses the nucellus (always two integuments)
integuments
Parts of ovary:
opening in integument
micropyle
Parts of ovary:
megasporangium
nucellus
4 orientation of ovules:
anatrophous
ortho”
campylo”
amphi”
Floral morphology:
part of gynoecium composed of an ovary. one or more styles, and or one or more stigmas
pistil
Floral morphology:
contains the ovules
ovary
Floral morphology:
stalk-like, non ovule bearing portion of pistil
style
Floral morphology:
pollen receptive portion of pistil
stigma
Ovary attachment:
cuplike or tubular enlargement of the receptacle loosely surrounding the gynoecium or united with it
Hypanthium
Style position:
one arising at the ovary apex
terminal/apical
Style position:
arises to one side, near and slightly below the ovary apex
subapical
Style position:
one arising at the side of an ovary
Lateral
Style position:
arises from the base of the ovary
Gynobasic
Stigma:
disk shaped
discoid
Stigma:
spherical in shape
globose
Stigma:
stigmatic tissue are long and narrow
Linear
Stigma:
feathery, trichome-like extensions, often found in wind-pollinated taxa
Plumose
Floral Morphology:
Outermost, nonreproductive group of modified leaves; calyx and corolla
Perianth
Perianth verticil:
which there are two discrete whorls, an outer and an inner
Biseriate
Perianth verticil:
with perianth parts in a single whorl
Uniseriate
Perianth cycly:
perianth composed of a distinct outer calyx and inner corolla; mostly in eudicots
Dichlamydeous
Perianth cycly:
perianth composed of similar parts, each part a tepal; mostly in monocots
Homochlamydeous
Perianth merosity:
having same number of members in different whorls
Isomerous
Perianth merosity:
having different number of members in different whorls
Anisomerous
Floral morphology:
nectar-producing structures of the flower
Nectaries
Floral morphology:
solution of sugars and various other compounds and functions as an attractant to promote animal pollination
Nectar
Flower sex:
having both stamens and carpels; ancestral trait in angiosperms
Perfect/bisexual/monoclinous
Flower sex:
flower is either staminate or pistillate
Imperfect/unisexual/diclinous
Plant sex:
plant having bisexual flowers
hermaphroditic
Plant sex:
plant with only unisexual flowers, both staminate and pistillate on the same individual plant
monoecious
Plant sex:
plat with unisexual flowers, but with staminate and pistillate on separate individual plant
Dioecious
Inflorescence:
one that subtends not an individual flower but an inflorescence axis or a group of flowers
inflorescence bract
Inflorescence:
an enlarged, sometimes colored bract subtending and usually enclosing an inflorescence
Spathe
Inflorescence:
bristle-like, apical appendage on the glumes or lemmas of grass spikelets
Awn
Inflorescence:
the stalk of an entire inflorescence
Peduncle
Inflorescence:
major, central axis within an inflorescence
Rachis
Inflorescence position:
which the entire inflorescence is positioned in the axil of the nearest vegetative leaf
Auxilliary
Inflorescence position:
in which the inflorescence develops as part of a terminal shoot that gave rise to the nearest vegetative leaves
Terminal
Inflorescence position:
in which the inflorescence grows directly from a woody trunk
Cauliflorous
Inflorescence development:
apical meristem of the primary inflorescence axis terminates in a flower
Determinate
Inflorescence development:
apical meristem of primary inflorescence does not develop into a flower
Indeterminate
Inflorescence types:
three flowered cyme having a single terminal flower and two opposite lateral flowers
Simple dichasium
Inflorescence types:
many flowered cyme of a repeatedly branching simple dichasia units
compound dichasium
Inflorescence types:
branched cyme, similar to a compound dichasium but lacking a consistent dichasial branching pattern
Compound cyme
Inflorescence types:
axes develop on only one side of each sequential axis
Helicoid cyme/bosytryx
Inflorescence types:
branches develop on alternating sides of each sequential axis, typically resulting in a geniculate appreance
scorpioid cyme/cinicinnus
Inflorescence types:
axes develop on only one side of each sequential axis like a helicoid cyme and flowers are on one single plane
Drepanium
Inflorescence types:
branches develop on alternating sides of each sequential axis like scorpioid cymes, flowers located on one single plane
Rhipidium
Inflorescence types:
an indeterminate inflorescence, consisting of a single axis bearing sessile flowers
spike
Inflorescence types:
an indeterminate inflorescence in which the single axis bears pedicellate flowers
raceme
Inflorescence types:
like branched raceme, defined as an indeterminate inflorescence having several branched axes bearing pedicellate flowers
Panicle
Inflorescence types:
unbranched, consisting of a central axis bearing pedicellate flowers being flat-topped or convex
simple corymb
Inflorescence types:
branched, consisting of two or more orders of inflorescence axes bearing flat-topped or convex pedicellate flowers
compound corymb
Inflorescence types:
determinate or indeterminate, flat-topped or convex inflorescence with pedicels attached at one point to a peduncle
simple umbel
Inflorescence types:
racemelike or panicle like inflorescence with pedicellate flowers in which internodes between flowers are very short
Fascicle
Inflorescence types:
inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers in which the internodes between flowers are very short
glomerule
Inflorescence types:
raceme of cyes in which the main axis is indeterminate but the oppsite, lateral, unit inflorescences are pedicellate cymes
Thyrse
Inflorescence types:
spike of opposite cymes, similar to a thyrs in having an indeterminate main axis but differing in that the lateral cymes have very reduced to absent internodal axes and pedicels
Verticlliaster
Inflorescence types:
another secondary inflorescence in which the peduncle bears secondary axes called rays that are attached at one point
compound umbel
Inflorescence types:
unisexual, typically male spike or elongate axis that falls as a unit after flowering or fruiting
catkin
Inflorescence types:
bearing small unisexual flowers and subtended by an invlucre, the entire inflorescence resembling a single flower
cyathium
Inflorescence types:
determinate or indeterminate, corwed group of sessile or subsessile flowers on a compound receptacle
head/capitulum
Inflorescence types:
bearing numerous flowers on the inside of a convex or involuted compoind receptacle
Hypanthodium
Inflorescence types:
spike with thickened or fleshy central axis, typically with congested flowers and usually subtended by a spath
spandix
Inflorescence types:
small spike and refers to the basic inflorescence unit.
Spikelet
