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BIO 1030 > Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

Plant Reproduction Flashcards

Lectures 18

1
Q

What is the difference between Sporogenesis and Gametogenesis?

A

Sporogenesis is the process in which spores are created, and Gametogenesis is the process in which gametes are created

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2
Q

Where are the spores created?

A

In the sporangia

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3
Q

Where are the gametes created?

A

In the gametangia

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4
Q

What are the two different sex organs?

A

Archegonia (female) and Antheridia (male)

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5
Q

What kind of spores do the sporangia produce?

A

Haploid spores

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6
Q

What is the definition of Homospory?

A

Producing spores that are visually the same

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7
Q

What is the definition of Heterspory? What does it produce?

A

Producing two different kinds of spores- Megaspores (female) and Microspores (male)

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8
Q

How are Bryophytes sexes determined?

A

Through sex chromosomes

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9
Q

Monilophytes sexes are determined by hormonal sex chromosomes. They are hermaphrodites and can be either male or female- what hormone makes a Monilophyte male? What is it produced by?

A

antheridiogen- produced by gametophytes.

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10
Q

True or False: Heterspory, the production of megaspores and microspores, is a choice made by hormones in the plant during development.

A

False: Heterspory is pre-determined

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11
Q

What is it called when a conifer’s location determines its sex?

A

Sexual Zonation

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12
Q

In Anthophytes Genes A,B and C determine its characteristics within 4 different whorls. What gene(s) controls what, and what whorl is it a part of?

A

Gene A whorl 1: Sepal
Gene B + A whorl 2: Petals
Gene B + C whorl 3: Stamen
Gene C whorl 4: Carpel

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13
Q

True or False: If gene A or C are missing, gene B will replace it.

A

False: Gene B will not replace anything. If gene C is missing Gene A will replace it. If gene A is missing, Gene C will replace it.

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14
Q

If a plant is connected at its base without a stem or peduncle it is called:

A

Sessile

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15
Q

What plants depend on water to transfer their gametes?

A

Moss and ferns.

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16
Q

Seed Plants and Pollination use what two methods to distribute gametes?

A

Wind and Animals

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17
Q

To prevent self-fertilization you can make what is called an “incomplete flower”- what does this mean?

A

To remove one of the two sex organs of a flower to prevent self-fertilization

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18
Q

What is the Carpel?

A

An organ at the centre of a flower, bearing one or more ovules and having its margins fused together or with other carpels to enclose the ovule in an ovary, and consisting also of a stigma and usually a style.

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19
Q

What is the Stamen?

A

male reproductive part of a flower. In all but a few extant angiosperms, the stamen consists of a long slender stalk, the filament, with a two-lobed anther at the tip. The anther consists of four sac-like structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination.

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20
Q

What is a staminate flower?

A

Have stamens but no Carpels

21
Q

What is a Carpellate Flower?

A

Having Carpels but no Stamen

22
Q

When a two flowers of the same species differ in either colour, size, or shape, that means it has:

A

Flower Dimorphism

23
Q

When the style is short but the stamen is long in a flower, it is called:

A

A thrum flower

24
Q

When the style is long but the stamen is short in a flower, it is called:

A

A pin flower

25
Q

Pollination in which the plant pollen is transferred from the male reproductive organs to the female reproductive organs to form into seeds is called:

A

Indirect Pollination

26
Q

When the Anthophyta use indirect pollination, how does the pollen get from the anther to the style?

A

Wind or animals

27
Q

What plant uses double fertilization?

A

Angiosperms

28
Q

How does double fertilization work?

A

A megagametophyte fuses with two microgametophytes

29
Q

True of False: The zygote turning into the embryo occurs inside of the cell.

A

True

30
Q

The indentation that occurs when the cell is about to divide is called:

A

Cleavage

31
Q

When the cell undergoes cleavage, what are the two cells that are produced?

A

The terminal cell and the basal cell

32
Q

In the terminal cell of the flower, before the embryo, there is what?

A

The proembryo- a bundle of cells formed in the ovule just after fertilization but before the actual embryo is formed.

33
Q

Inside the basal cell there are cells called “suspensor”- what are they and what is there function?

A

They are a group or chain of cells that is produced from the zygote of a seed plant and serves to push the developing embryo into the endosperm

34
Q

What are the four embryonic organs?

A

Cotyledons
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Radicle

35
Q

The Cotyledon is think or thick- what will it become?

A

cotyledon usually becomes the embryonic first leaves of a seedling.

36
Q

The Epicotyl will become the shoot apical meristem- what is it and how does it develop?

A

It is a point along the embryonic shoot (the stem from which everything grows) just above the cotyledons (the seed leaves) that ends with the plumule (the growth that becomes the first true leaves).

37
Q

What is the function of the Hypocotyl?

A

They Hypocotyl lies between the cotyledon and Radicle- when germination occurs it will push the cotyledons up and out of the ground. It will eventually become part of the stem.

38
Q

The Radicle is part of the root apical meristem- what is it and how will it develop?

A

During germination it is the first part of the seed to emerge. It will grow down into the soil to become the roots.

39
Q

How do gymnosperms disperse their seeds?

A

Since their seeds are not protected by seed or fruit, the wind or seed coat extensions disperse the gymnosperm’s seeds.

40
Q

How do Angiosperms disperse their seeds?

A

Fruit, Water, Wind, Animals and Turgor

41
Q

During seed dormancy, how many embryos are per seed?

A

One

42
Q

Dehydration, Temperature or need for germination will induce what upon seeds?

A

Induced Dormancy

43
Q

Germination is used to break dormancy. What are the three requirements for germination?

A

Water, oxygen and the correct temperature

44
Q

What is it called when the seed coating bursts during germination?

A

Imbibition

45
Q

What two embryonic organs emerge during germination?

A

The radicle and shoot (cotyledons)

46
Q

Parenchyma cells that are not specialized and continue dividing to produce new populations of undifferentiated cells are called ____ Parenchyma cells

A

Totipotent Parenchyma Cells

47
Q

What occurs in the process of asexual reproduction known as “fragmentation”

A

The plant clones itself and splits into different fragments which then develop into fully mature organisms cloned form the original plant

48
Q

The asexual formation of a seed in the ovule without the use of meiosis and fertilization to develop into an embryo is known as what?

A

Apomixis

49
Q

What happens to the ovule in the asexual formation known as Apomixis?

A

It becomes diploid and the megaspore is circumvented

BIO 1030 (8 decks)

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