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BIO 1030 > Plant Diversity > Flashcards

Plant Diversity Flashcards

Lectures 16-17

1
Q

Which Supergroup do the plants we talk about belong to?

A

Archaeplastida

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2
Q

What are the two clades?

A

Green algae and red algae

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3
Q

What two phylum’s evolved from Green Algae?

A

Chlorophytes and Carophytes

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of Chlorophytes?

A
  • fresh water or marine

- uni or multi-cellular

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5
Q

What is the relationship between green algae and land plants? What do they share, if anything?

A 
land plants emerged from the green algae 
Share:
Cellulose-synthesizing proteins 
Flagellated sperm structure 
Formation of the cell plate
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6
Q

How does chlorophyll help us find the relationships between different plants?

A

pigment profiles- different kinds of protons

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7
Q

What is the macroalgal structure?

A 
Blades
-no true leaves
Stipe
-no true stems
Hold fast
-no true roots
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8
Q

How do macroalgal and microalagal differentiate?

A

Macroalgal are visible to the naked eye

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9
Q

What are the defining characteristics of plants? How many are there?

A 
autotrophic
cell walls of cellulose 
Storage carbohydrate is starch
Bodies made of three organ types
 – Each made of three tissue types 
Dependent multicellular embryos 
They have tissues which develop from apical meristems
Haplodiplontic life cycle (most)
 – Two multicellular stages
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10
Q

What are the steps of a typical plant life cycle?

A
  1. Gametes- Fertilization
  2. Zygote- Mitosis
  3. Sporophyte- Meiosis
  4. Spores- Germination
  5. Gametophyte
  6. Gametes
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11
Q

What are the Characteristics of a typical Gametophyte?

A 
Multicellular 
haploid 
Thallus (sometimes)
grows from spore 
no vascular tissue
no waxy cuticle
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12
Q

What is a thallus? Do all gametophytes have it?

A

a plant body not divided into leaves and stems, with no true roots or a vascular system. Not all have it.

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13
Q

what is an anthredia? What is an Archegonia?

A

In this order: the male and female sex organs in gametophytes. Found in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of a typical Sporophyte?

A 
multicellular
diploid
grows from a zygote
vascular tissue
maybe waxy cuticle
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15
Q

What is a sporangia? (or sporangium)

A

receptacle in which asexual spores are formed

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16
Q

What is included in the typical sporophyte body plan?

A

3 (stem, root, leaves) main organs, vascular tissue, and a waxy cuticle

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17
Q

What are the four major “fungal” phyla?

A

Anthophyta, Bryophyta, Monilophyta, and Coniferophyta

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18
Q

What phylum(s) is non-vascular?

A

Bryophyta

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19
Q

What phylum(s) is vascular and seedless?

A

Monilophyta

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20
Q

What phylum(s) contains seeds?

A

Anthophyta and Coniferophyta

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21
Q

What dominant body plant to Bryophytes have? What does this mean?

A

Dominant Gametophyte plan. This means the main form we will see them in will be a gametophyte.

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22
Q

What are some examples of Bryophytes?

A

liverworts, hornworts and mosses

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23
Q

Bryophytes are “Dioecious”- what does this mean? What are the other parts of the gametophyte body plan?

A

This means having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals. Other parts include the Protonema, buds, Gameophores, and Rhizoids

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24
Q

What is the term that describes a thread-like chain of cells that forms in the early haploid phase in Bryophytes?

A

protonema

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25
Q

What are Rhizoids? What is there function?

A

“Fake Roots”- filament like root hair growth on the underside of some thallus plants serving to both anchor the plant and increase surface area for water absorption

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26
Q

True of False: Bryophytes have vascular tissue.

A

False- Bryophytes have NO vascular tissue

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27
Q

What parts of the Bryophytes are in the sporophyte stage?

A

Foot
Seta (stock)
Sporangium capsule that produces bi gametes
depends on gametophyte

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28
Q

What produces the spores in Bryophytes?

A

The Peristome

29
Q

What adaptation(s) allowed for the adaptation of Bryophytes on land?

A

Epidermal Secretions and Transport and Tissue

30
Q

What are the epidermal secretions? What is there function?

A

Waxy cuticle- they act as a water protective layer

31
Q

What are the transport and tissue?

A

The xylem and the phloem

32
Q

What dominant body plan do Monilophytes have? What does this mean?

A

Dominant sporophyte body plan. The main form we will see will be the sporophyte form.

33
Q

What are some examples of Monilophytes?

A

Ferns, Horsetails and Wisk Ferns

34
Q

What parts of the Monilophyte’s are in the sporophyte stage?

A

They are long lived with True organs (vascular tissue, underground stem, compound leaves and roots).

35
Q

What is the underground stem of the Monilophytes called?

A

The rhizome.

36
Q

In Monilophytes sporophyte body plan, what does SAM and RAM stand for?

A

Shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem.

37
Q

What kind of leaves do Monilophytes have?

A

Fronds and Fiddleheads

38
Q

What are the gametophytes characteristics in Monilophytes like?

A

Short lived, small and photosynthetic

39
Q

Monilophytes gametophytes are hermaphroditic- what does this mean?

A

They are male or female at sometime in their life cycle.

40
Q

Where are the spores of Monilophytes created? Where are they clustered?

A

The spores are created in a sporangium, clustered in sorus.

41
Q

Do Monilophytes create homospores or heterospores?

A

Homospores

42
Q

What dominant body plan do Coniferophytes have?

A

Sporophyte dominant body plan

43
Q

Coniferophytes are gymnosperms- what does this mean?

A

They carry “naked seeds”, often in cones.

44
Q

What are some example of Coniferophytes?

A

spruces, firs, cedars and cypresses

45
Q

What parts of the Coniferophyte’s body plan are sporophytes?

A

Cones with modified branches and leaves (usually needles)

46
Q

What do the pollen cones include?

A

Microsporophylls containing Microsporangia

47
Q

What do the ovule cones include?

A

Megasporophylls containing Megasporangia

48
Q

In Coniferophtyes, what does the gametophyte body stage in their life cycle include?

A

Megagameotphytes and Microgametophytes

49
Q

What is a megagametophyte in conifers? What does it contain?

A

The female gametophyte in Coniferophytes- is fully dependent and contains 2-6 archagonia.

50
Q

What is a microgametophyte in conifers? What does it contain?

A

The male gametophyte in Coniferophytes- Contains 4 cells (Tube cell, 2 prothallial, and a Generative Cell), that produces 2 sperms. Protected by Exine.

51
Q

What kind of pollination do Coniferophytes take part in? What kind of seed do they produce?

A

They take part in direct pollination with naked seeds.

52
Q

What dominant body plan do Anthophytes have?

A

A sporophyte dominant body plan.

53
Q

What are some example of Anthophytes?

A

tulip tree, lilies, flowering plants

54
Q

What parts of the Anthophyte’s are part of the sporophyte stage?

A 
Sepals
Petals
Stamen
-anther and filament
Carpel
-stigma, style and ovary
55
Q

Like Coniferophytes Anthophytes have megagametophytes- what do they include?

A 
7 cells with 8 nuclei
3 Prothallial (antipodal) 
2 Syngergids
 – No archegonia
Egg 
2 Polar nuclei
56
Q

Like Coniferophytes Anthophytes include microgametophytes- what do they include?

A

2 cells with a tube and generative cell. Also covered in an Exine.

57
Q

What kind of pollination do Anthophytes take part in? Where does the seed develop?

A

The take part in indirect pollination. The see develops in fruit.

58
Q

What is a basal angiosperm?

A

diverged from the lineage leading to most flowering plants

59
Q

What is a Magnoliid?

A

Magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, tulip tree and many others.

60
Q

What is a Monocot?

A

plant with an embryo that bears a single cotyledon (seed leaf). Monocotyledons constitute the smaller of the two great divisions of flowering plants, and typically have elongated stalk-less leaves with parallel veins (e.g. grasses, lilies, palms).

61
Q

What is a Eudicot?

A

two cotyledons in the seed, leaves with a network of veins radiating from a central main vein, flower parts in multiples of four or five, and a ring of vascular cambium in the stem. In contrast to most monocotyledons, eudicotyledons undergo secondary growth.

62
Q

What are the differences between Monocots and Eudicots?

A

Monocots have 1 cotyledon- Eudicots have 2
Monocots have fibrous roots- Eudicots have a main “taproot” with small roots branching off
Monocot vascular tissue organize randomly in the stem- Eudicots arrange theirs in a donut pattern
Monocots have parallel leaf veins- Eudicots have branching leaf veins
Monocots flowers grow in threes- Eudicots form in fours or fives

63
Q

Both Coniferophytes and Anthophytes use Heterospory- what is this?

A

When two different spores are produced, and two different gametophytes are produced.

64
Q

In Seed Plants what is the different between the megagametophyte and microgametophyte?

A

The megagametophyte is held within the ovule and dependent on the sporophyte. The microgametophyte makes pollen grains- their sperm.

65
Q

What do Heterospory ovules in Anthophytes contain?

A 
Integument (protective layer)
Megasporangium (container)
-one megaspore 
Megagametophyte (egg)
-archegonia 
Seed Coat
Nutritive Tissue (1n or 3n)
3rd Generation- Embryo
66
Q

What do Heterospory Pollen Grains Contain?

A

Sperm (don’t need water)

67
Q

How are Heterospory Pollen Grains dispersed?

A

Wind and Animals

68
Q

How do Heterospory Pollen Grains pollinate?

A

indirect AND direct

69
Q

Where do the Heterospory Pollen Grains fertilize?

A

In the ovule

BIO 1030 (8 decks)

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