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BIO 1030 > Plant Nutrition > Flashcards

Plant Nutrition Flashcards

Lectures 20-21

1
Q

What kind of energy to plants harvest?

A

Solar energy

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2
Q

What do cells need to complete cellular respiration, or any other energy requiring activity?

A

ATP

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3
Q

What are the requirement(s) for photosynthesis?

A

Water and CO2

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4
Q

What are the product(s) of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and Oxygen

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5
Q

What are the reactants cells need for photosynthesis?

A 
Water
CO2
Light Energy
Glucose
Oxygen
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6
Q

What mechanism connects the reactants and waste removal system in plants?

A

Vascular system

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7
Q

What are the three routes for short distance transport?

A

Symplast Route
Apoplast Route
Transmembrane Route

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8
Q

Which short distance transport route travels through the inner side of the plasma membrane?

A

Symplast Route

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9
Q

What specifically does the Symplast Route travel through?

A

The Symplast Route goes through the plasmodesmata, which is narrow spaces of cytoplasm between cells.

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10
Q

Where does the Apoplast Route travel? Where does it travel?

A

The Apoplast Route travels through the apoplast- the space outside the plasma membrane within which material can diffuse freely. It travels through the cell wall.

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11
Q

How does the Transmembrane Route travel? Where does it travel?

A

The Transmembrane Route is a combination of the Symplast Route and Apoplast Route. It travels cell to cell.

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12
Q

What are the method(s) that transport solutes across cell membranes?

A

Primary Active Transport
Secondary Active Transport
Gated Potassium Channels

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13
Q

True or False: The gated potassium channels have only one use.

A

False: The channel has multiple uses

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14
Q

The Primary Active Transport method has membrane potential and uses a ph gradient- which element is primary used?

A

Hydrogen +

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15
Q

True or False: Secondary Active Transport uses a proton pump.

A

False: Secondary Active Transport uses an electrochemical pump. Primary Active Transport uses a proton pump.

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16
Q

True or False: all three transport methods require ATP.

A

True

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17
Q

Secondary Active Transport use a method called Co-transport. What does this mean? What does it transport?

A

Co-Transport means two substances are transported at the same time by H+ ions.

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18
Q

True or False: a solute needs to be charged to be transported across the membrane by co-transport.

A

False: the solutes can be neutral and charged.

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19
Q

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis interconnected?

A

Glucose produced by photosynthesis is used by cellular respiration to make ATP
That glucose gets turned back into CO2, which is then used by photosynthesis
The water broken down by photosynthesis to produce oxygen is used in cellular respiration to be combined with hydrogen to form water

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20
Q

What plant tissues and organs take place in photosynthesis?

A

Ground tissue is the main tissue that is part of the photosynthetic process. As for organs leaves also take part in photosynthesis. In simple terms, they use their Palisade and Spongy Mesophyll cells to absorb light and gas. Inside the cell chloroplasts turn CO2 and Light into Oxygen and Glucose. The xylem and phloem transport the products around the body.

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21
Q

What plant tissues and organs take place in cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration take part inside the cell, specifically inside the mitochondria. The glucose and oxygen made by photosynthesis provides the energy for cellular respiration. The first stage of respiration is glycolysis, which splits the glucose molecule into two smaller molecules called pyruvate, and expels a small amount of ATP energy. In the second stage, the pyruvate molecules are reorganized and fused over again in a cycle. While the molecules are being reorganized, carbon dioxide is formed and electrons are removed and placed into an electron transport system which produces a lot of ATP.

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22
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

Water and Carbon Dioxide

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23
Q

Osmosis is the driving force of what?

A

Water potential

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24
Q

What is water potential measured in?

A

Megapascals

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25
Q

What kind of water has a water potential of 0?

A

Pure water

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26
Q

Water potential will decrease when ____ increases.

A

Solute

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27
Q

Water potential ‘s’ is known as osmotic potential or:

A

solute potential

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28
Q

Pressure potential (water potential ‘p’) can be increased by what?

A

Physical pressure or gravity.

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29
Q

What is the definition of turgor pressure?

A

Force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.

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30
Q

If you were to put a cell with a pressure potential of 0 into a solution with a high solute concentration what will happen to the cell, and why?

A

The cell will shrink. Since the water potential outside of the sell is more negative than the water potential inside of the cell the water will diffuse out of the cell into its environment, making the cell shrink. This will stop when the water potentials are equal.

31
Q

When you put a cell with a pressure potential of 0 into a solution with a higher solute concentration, the cells protoplast will shrink and pull away from the cell wall. What term describes this?

A

Plasmolysis

32
Q

Let’s say you but a cell at a pressure potential of 0 into pure water. What would happen, and why?

A

Since the cell has a more negative water potential than its environment, water will diffuse through osmosis into the cell making it swell. This will stop when the water potentials are equal.

33
Q

What causes wilting in a flower?

A

A walled cell with a greater solute concentration than its environment is called ‘turgid’. When turgid cells in non-woody tissue push against each other, they become very stiff. Turgor loss = water loss, which leads to plants wilting.

34
Q

What does water taken up by to roots need to travel through before they can get to the rest of the plant?

A

The xylem in the vascular cylinder.

35
Q

What is known as the “last checkpoint” for minerals before they enter the cortex of the vascular cylinder?

A

The endodermis

36
Q

During water uptake in the roots, which route moves the soil solution through the apoplast, and some water and minerals into the protoplasts of cells in the epidermis and cortex, to then move inward via the symplast?

A

The Transmembrane Route

37
Q

During water uptake in the roots, water traveling through the apoplast route are taken by what? What area will this lead to?

A

Hydrophilic walls of root hairs to provide access to the apoplast. This leads to water and minerals being able to get to the cortex.

38
Q

During water uptake in the roots, crossing ___ of the ___ will allow the water and minerals into the symplast.

A

plasma membrane, root hairs

39
Q

What is the sturcutre called that blocks water and minerals from passing through the endodermis? What is it made from?

A

Caspian Strip- belt of waxy material called suberin

40
Q

What is the Caspian Strips function(s)?

A

Make water and minerals cross endodermis plasma membrane
prevents solutes accumulated in the xylem from leaking back into the soil
keeps unneeded and toxic materials out

41
Q

True or False: during nocturnal flow of xylem sap, the stomata is closed.

A

True

42
Q

In the context of biology, what is the definition of transpiration?

A

The loss of water vapour from leaves and other aerial parts of the plant.

43
Q

True or False: during the night transpiration of xylem sap is low

A

True

44
Q

What is the cause of nocturnal xylem sap push? Where does it usually happen?

A

Accumulation of minerals lowers the plants water potential of the vascular cylinder, meaning when the roots take up water it generates root pressure and pushes up the xylem sap. This usually only occurs in herbaceous plants, or herbs.

45
Q

What is the definition of xylem sap?

A

fluid transported in xylem cells (vessel elements or tracheids) throughout the plant. It contains water and minerals.

46
Q

True of False: the xylem flows shoot to root.

A

False: the xylem flows root to shoot.

47
Q

In what direction(s) does the phloem flow?

A

Root to shoot AND shoot to root.

48
Q

What is the process by which proteins with a sorting signal travel to and from different cellular compartments

A

Bulk Flow

49
Q

By what method do xylem and phloem sap flow around the plant?

A

Bulk Flow

50
Q

Which sap carries a sugar or other substance made by photosynthesis.

A

Phloem sap

51
Q

What is the Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis?

A

It is the theory that water evaporating through the stomata produces a tension, or negative pressure, that pulls the water column up the plant

52
Q

When pulling xylem sap, the first step is water vapor transpires out via the stomata. What replaces it, and where?

A

It is replaced by evaporation from the thin water layer of water covering the mesophyll cells.

53
Q

After the water evaporates off of the mesophyll cells, the water film thins and curves around the microfibrils in the mesophyll cell. What does this do to the surface tensions? To transpiration?

A

It increases surface tension (or negative pressure potential) and transpiration.

54
Q

What replaces the now empty curves between the microfibrils? What does this do to the high surface tension?

A

Water from hydrated parts of the leaf replace the curves between the microfibrils. This reduces the surface tension, or makes the pressure potential less negative.

55
Q

True or False: the negative pressure at the air-water interface in the leaf is the basis of transpirational pull?

A

True

56
Q

How does cohesion play a part in xylem sap pull?

A

It increases the transpirational pull by cohesively binding the hydrogen atoms in water together.

57
Q

How does negative pressure play a part in xylem sap pull?

A

Since the negative pressure at the air-water interface is larger (more negative) than the pressure at the bottom of the plant, the water moves form high areas of water potential to low, therefore pulling the xylem sap.

58
Q

What are the water conservation method(s)?

A

Lose the leaves
Recess the Stomata
Reflect the sun

59
Q

What makes the stomata open?

A

Water, Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen

60
Q

The Stomata are surrounded by guard cells made up of microfibrils- what their function?

A

Their function is to absorb water, separate, create new microfibrils and strengthen the cell.

61
Q

Where are the guard cells located?

A

On the inner cell wall attached to each other.

62
Q

What causes the stomata to open and close?

A

When the guard cells are turgid, meaning the vacuoles or full of water, the stomata is open. When the vacuoles in the guard cells are not full of water, the stomata is closed.

63
Q

What time of day would the stomata be open?

A

Open- during the day

closed- during the night

64
Q

At the opening of the stomata there is a proton pump with an electrochemical gradient. The attracts potassium ions. As potassium ions increase, so does the turgidity of the cell. What does this do to the water potential? What does this lead to?

A

This leads to the water potential dropping (from the addition of a solute) and water rushing into the guard cells opening up the stomata.

65
Q

How does the opening and closing of the stomata relate to the pull of xylem sap?

A

When the stomata is open transpiration increases, increasing the pull of xylem sap.

66
Q

What is the pressure-flow hypothesis?

A

The theory that explains the movement of phloem sap through sources and sinks.

67
Q

What is the source of phloem sap transport?

A

The site of sugar production/liberation.

68
Q

What does the sugar travel through?

A

Sieve tubes

69
Q

As the sugar travels what happens to the water potential?

A

It decreases-

70
Q

How does the phloem sap transport materials?

A

Bulk Flow

71
Q

What is the term that describes relating to or denoting the equilibrium of liquids and the pressure exerted by liquid at rest

A

Hydrostatic pressure

72
Q

What is the sink of phloem sap transport?

A

The site of utilization- the sugar is transported out. It has the opposite effect of the source of phloem transport.

73
Q

Where does absorption occur during phloem sap transport?

A

Young growing roots in the Primary tissue region

Root hair zone in the Epidermal trichomes

74
Q

Cations, Anions, Water and Oxygen are part of what?

A

Nutrient Absorption

BIO 1030 (8 decks)

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