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BIO 1030 > Bacteria and Fungi > Flashcards

Bacteria and Fungi Flashcards

Lectures 14-15

1
Q

What two prokaryotic groups are we talking about?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

What are the three bacteria cell shapes?

A

Cocci, Rods (bacilli), and Spirilla

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3
Q

What are the two bacteria cell walls?

A

Gram+ and Gram-

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4
Q

What are the two ways bacteria obtain nutrition? What element are they trying to get?

A

Heterotrophy and Autotrophy- they want carbon.

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5
Q

What are the two things bacteria obtain energy from?

A

Light and Chemicals

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6
Q

What does Heterotrophy mean?

A

The organism cannot make its own food, and therefore obtains it from organic substances

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7
Q

What does Autotrophy mean?

A

The organism can make its own food from inorganic or organic substances.

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8
Q

What is the name of the bacteria who use light to get their energy?

A

Photoheterotroph and Photoautotroph

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9
Q

What is the name of the bacteria who use chemicals to obtain energy?

A

Chemoheterotroph and Chemoautotroph

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10
Q

What is the Slimy polysaccharide layer that surrounds bacteria called?

A

The capsule.

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11
Q

What is a cell that is resistant for harsh environments called?

A

An endospore

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12
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

The microorganisms in a particular environment (including the body or a part of the body).

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13
Q

What is a Probiotic?

A

A microorganism introduced into the body for its benefits.

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14
Q

An example of a Probiotic is Lactobacillus- what are its sources?

A

Some dairy products and fermented foods.

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15
Q

What are some of the benefits to the Probiotic Lactobacillus?

A

It boosts the immune system and supports our digestive system.

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16
Q

What are the benefits to breast-feeding?

A

Protects against allergies and eczema. It Causes less stomach upset, diarrhea, and constipation than formula.
Reduces the risk of viruses, urinary tract infections, inflammatory bowel disease, gastroenteritis, ear infections, and respiratory infections.

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17
Q

Archaea like harsh environments. What are three kinds of extreme Archaea? What do they like?

A

Halophiles- grows well or tolerates high saline conditions
Thermophiles- grows well or tolerates high temperatures
Acidophiles- thrive in acidic environments with a ph less than 3

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18
Q

A certain Archaean produces methane and adds to the Green-House effect- what is it called?

A

Methanogens

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19
Q

What group does Fungi share its ancestory with?

A

Nucleariids- Any of a group of amoeba possessing threadlike pseudopodia.

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20
Q

What is the term uses to describe unicellular protists and are a broad group of eukaryotes, including both the animal and fungus kingdoms.

A

opisthokont

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21
Q

What evolved in the Fungi?

A

Multicellularity

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22
Q

What evolved from unicellular flagellated ancestors and Fungi?

A

Other fungi and Chytrids

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23
Q

What evolved from only unicellular flagellated ancestors?

A

Animals and Nucleariids

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24
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of fungi?

A 
Most are multicellular 
Cell walls made of chitin 
Absorptive heterotrophs
 – Store carbohydrates as glycogen 
Filamentous, syncytial body plan
– Hyphae 
– Mycelium 
Reproductive fruiting bodies 
Haplontic life cycle (most) 
– Asexual and sexual cycles
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25
Q

What is the typical fungal life cycle?

A 
Asexual Life Cycle- but includes sexual reproduction
Haplontic Life Cycle
-Diploid Zygote (2n)
-Haploid Spores (n)
-Haploid Mycelium (n)
Plasmogany
-Heterokaryon
-Dikaryotic Stage
Karyogamy
-2n
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26
Q

What are the three parts of the fungal body plan?

A

Hyphae, Mycelium and Fruiting Body

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27
Q

What is the Hyphae?

A

Makes up the Mycelium- branches and tubes that includes a septa and, and functions as a single coordinated unit composed of multiple cells linked structurally and functionally,

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28
Q

What is the Mycelium?

A

Vegetative part of the fungus made up of Hyphae

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29
Q

What is the Fruiting Body?

A

It is seasonal and what releases the spores.

30
Q

What do most Fungi practice to obtain their energy? Where does it come from?

A

Most Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs. Their energy comes from dead or decaying organic matter.

31
Q

What is a term that describes getting energy from dead or decaying matter?

A

Saprophytic

32
Q

Fungi can be parasitic. Some have a structure that is a slender projection from the root or from the hyphae of a parasitic fungus, enabling the parasite to penetrate the tissues of its host and absorb nutrients from it. What is this structure called?

A

Haustoria

33
Q

Some Fungi are predatory. Which is one way they capture their prey? What is an example?

A

Rings that form on the hyphae constrict and entrap the worms, then hyphae grow into the worm and digest it. An example of a predatory fungi is Arthrobotrys

34
Q

What are the 5 fungi phylum’s we looked at?

A 
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota 
Glomeromycota 
Ascomycota 
Basidiomycota
35
Q

What is the basal clade of the fungi phylum’s?

A

The Chytridiomycota (or chytrids)

36
Q

What are the characteristics of the Chytridiomycota?

A

Aquatic
Flagellated Structures (spores)
Unicellular or Colonial
Lots of environmental Impact

37
Q

What kind of spores do the Chytridiomycota produce? What special structure do they have?

A

Zoospores- one of the few spores with a flagella to move around in water.

38
Q

What phylum produces mold (like black bread mold) and has coenocytic hyphae?

A

Zygomycota

39
Q

When do Zygomycota practice asexual reproduction?

A

In hospitable conditions

40
Q

When do Zygomycota practice sexual reproduction?

A

In in-hospitable conditions

41
Q

What are two examples of Zygomycota?

A

Pilobolus and Enterobryus

42
Q

The Zygomycota follow the simple fungi life cycle- what two kinds if Mycelium are produced?

A

Positive and Negative

43
Q

During Plasmogany in Zygomycota, where the two nuclei fuse, what kind of zygosporangium are produced? What will be different about them?

A

Heterokaryotic zygosporangium are produced- this means the two nuclei fusing will be genetically different

44
Q

What kind of nucleus is formed during karyogamy (the fusing of the cytoplasm)

A

Diploid Nucleus

45
Q

What phylum has fossil evidence dating back to the earliest plants?

A

Glomeromycota

46
Q

Glomeromycota form a mutualistic relationship with other plants using an Arbuscular mycorrhizae- what does it do? How many other species do this?

A

The Arbuscular mycorrhizae penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant. 80% of other species do this.

47
Q

What is the largest phylum?

A

Ascomycota

48
Q

What kind of body do Ascomycota have?

A

A sac body

49
Q

What kind of fruiting body do Ascomycota have? What is inside the fruiting body?

A

They have Ascocarp fruiting bodies- It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae. They contain millions of asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores.

50
Q

What kind of hyphae do Ascomycota have?

A

A septate one

51
Q

What are some examples of Ascomycota?

A

Unicellular yeast and Dutch Elm Disease.

52
Q

During asexual reproduction what do Ascomycota produce?

A

The produce spores called conidia, which come from the tip of a specialized hyphae called a condiaphore.

53
Q

What charge are the conidia?

A

Negative

54
Q

What charge are the mycelium that the conidia fuse with?

A

Positive

55
Q

What stage occurs after Plasmogany in the phylum Ascomycota? What does this mean?

A

Dikaryotic stage- two nuclei will fuse that are genetically different but are allelically-compatible.

56
Q

What is the structure called that produces spores in the Ascomycota?

A

The ascus or ascocarp- a sac shaped structure

57
Q

After Karyogamy in Ascomycota meiosis occurs and produces 4 haploid nuclei- how many ascospores will there be?

A

8

58
Q

What phylum is called the “club fungi”?

A

Basidiomycota

59
Q

What fruiting body do the Basidiomycota have? What do they produce?

A

They have a Basidoicarp fruiting body that we see as a “toadstool”- they produce badiospores

60
Q

What characteristics do Basidiomycota have?

A

Long lived Dikaryotic Stage
Ecological Importance
Important decomposers of wood

61
Q

True or False: Basidiomycota have no sexual reproduction, only asexual reporduction

A

False: they have no asexual reproduction, and only sexual reproduction

62
Q

In Basidiomycota what two mycelium types grow together?

A

Positive and Negative

63
Q

In Basidiomycota , what events occur withing the basidium?

A

Nuclear Fusion- 2n basidium

Meiosis producing 4 haploid nucleus

64
Q

Which part of Lichen is the fungal part?

A

Mycobiont

65
Q

Which part of Lichen is the photosynthetic part?

A

Photobiont

66
Q

What relationship does Lichen have with its environment

A

Symbiosis- mutually helpful symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus, forming lichen. These symbionts include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

67
Q

What is the definition of Karyogamy?

A

final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei.

68
Q

What is the definition of Plasmogany?

A

stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the cytoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuses together without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell.

69
Q

What is the definition of Heterokaryotic?

A

fusion of two genetically different nuclei

70
Q

What is the definition of Dikaryotic

A

fusion of two genetically different but allelically compatible

BIO 1030 (8 decks)

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