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BIO 1030 > Plant Control Systems > Flashcards

Plant Control Systems Flashcards

Lecture 22

1
Q

What causes external stimuli?

A

environmental cues

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2
Q

What causes internal stimuli?

A

growth regulators

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3
Q

What are the three steps when stimuli is detected?

A

Reception, Transduction, Response

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4
Q

What is the definition of Etiolation

A

Energy allocation for growth in the dark

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5
Q

What is the definition of De-Etiolation

A

When plants grown in the dark reach the light

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6
Q

What is an example of a stimuli reacting process?

A

Photoreception

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7
Q

In which stimuli step does phytochrome, a blue-green pigment found in many plants, in which it regulates various developmental processes, detect light?

A

Reception

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8
Q

What is a Protein Kinase?

A

They are enzymes that regulate the biological activity of proteins

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9
Q

During the Signal Transduction stage of Photoreception, what events occur?

A

Cyclic GMP and Calcium activate protein kinase, which become transcription factors.

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10
Q

What is the response in Photoreception?

A

Plants greening- so De-Etiolation

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11
Q

What are other response(s) to stimuli?

A

Mechanical

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12
Q

What are the two types of mechanical stimuli? Give examples to both

A

Chronic
-Thigmomorphogenesis: response to touch, like wind
Acute
-Mimosa pudica: rapid leaf movements

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13
Q

When herbivory occurs on a plant, what can a physical response be?

A

Spikes- like on a cactus

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14
Q

How can plants respond to herbivory chemically?

A

They can release a chemical to attract predators to the organism eating it.

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15
Q

How does predator recruitment work?

A

The plant is injured, which leads to signal transduction. The plant then releases a chemical to attract a predator (example: parasitic wasp) to lay its egg in the organism eating the plant (example: caterpillar)

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16
Q

What is plant immunity?

A

Protection against pathogens

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17
Q

What will bacteria/viruses often release in plant immunity?

A

Effector proteins

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18
Q

R-proteins are another term for effector proteins- What creates them/ what is their function?

A

genes in plant genomes that convey plant disease resistance against pathogens by producing R proteins.

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19
Q

In an infected leaf, what happens in the signal transduction phase?

A

Systematic signalling molecules are released.

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20
Q

As the signalling molecules travel around the infected leaf’s plant, what do they do?

A

Induce signal transduction in other leaves.

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21
Q

What type of stimuli response occurs in an infected leaf?

A

Acquired Resistance

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22
Q

What are plant hormones?

A

long-term responses mediated by chemical signals

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23
Q

Plant hormones are created in what area?

A

Active Growth Region

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24
Q

What are the different kinds of plant hormones?

A 
Auxin (Indolacetic Acid, IAA)
Cytokinins 
Gibberellins (GAs)  
Abscisic acid 
Ethylene
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25
Q

What are the propertie(s) of plant hormones?

A

Concentration dependent
Synergy
Pleiotropy
Redundancy

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26
Q

What plant hormone property will have one gene code and control the phenotype or expression of several different and unrelated traits

A

Pleiotropy

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27
Q

What is the definition of synergy?

A

interaction of biological structures or substances that produce an overall effect greater than the sum of individual effects

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28
Q

The rate and extent of microorganism killing are a function of the antimicrobial concentration and are dependent on what?

A

Whether or not the concentration increases or decreases, therefore being concentration dependent

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29
Q

What is the definition of redundancy?

A

Redundancy is when a given biochemical function is redundantly encoded by two or more genes

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30
Q

What is the purpose of Auxin? Where is it produced?

A

To promote cell elongation. It is produced in the Shoot Apical Meristems, Root Apical Meristem and Leaf Primoridia.

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31
Q

What are some other function(s) of auxin?

A

Growth Response (cell elongation), pattern development and promoting lateral roots

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32
Q

There are two types of growth responses produced by auxin- what are they and what do they do?

A

Phototropism- when plant grows either towards (positive) or away (negative) from a source of light
Gravitropism- differential growth in response to the force of gravity

33
Q

There are two types of pattern development produced by auxin- what are they and what do they do?

A

Branching Pattern- the way branching appears in positions along the bearing axis, the way branching appears over time and for rhythmic growth, the way it is distributed in growth units.
Phyllotaxy- arrangement of leaves on an axis or stem

34
Q

What is the Acid-Growth Hypothesis?

A

The Acid-Growth Hypothesis is the ability of plant cells and plant cell walls to elongate or expand quickly at a low ph.

35
Q

During the process the Acid-Growth Hypothesis refers to, what is the membrane pumping?

A

Protons

36
Q

After the acidification of the cell walls during the cell elongation, what is activated? What does this do to the microfirbrils in the cell wall?

A

Expansion is activated, leading to the separation of microfibrils.

37
Q

During cell elongation what enzyme is activated after the expansion of the plant cells? What is cleaved during this process?

A

The wall enzyme is activated, leading to the cleavage of the crosslinked polysaccharides.

38
Q

What step in cell elongation follows the activation of the wall enzyme?

A

The cell wall loosens.

39
Q

True or False: During cell elongation the wall pressure is greater than the turgor pressure.

A

False: During cell elongation the wall pressure is less than the turgor pressure.

40
Q

Auxin plays a large part in the process of phototropism- when the plant is orientated towards the sun, does this mean the shoots are positive or negative?

A

Positive

41
Q

In the phototropism of grasses, what part of the grass does the auxin affect?

A

The shoot apical meristem

42
Q

During auxin redistribution, which lateral side does the auxin travel to?

A

The auxin travels to the darker side of the plant- the part of the plant exposed to less light.

43
Q

During phototropism a plant appears to bend towards the light source- how does auxin contribute to this? Is the plant actually bending towards the light?

A

The plant is not actually bending towards the light. As the auxin redistributes to the dark of the plant, it causes those cells to elongate. This leads to unequal cell elongation in the plant, making the stem bend away from the elongated cells, and therefore towards the light source.

44
Q

True or False: During gravitropism the shoot is both positive and negative.

A

True

45
Q

The root cap of plants contains statoliths- what is its function?

A

Statoliths stimulates sensory receptors in response to gravity, to enable balance and orientation in the plant

46
Q

In a horizontal shoot, during gravitropism, statoliths will settle- what does this do to the plant cells cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton will become distorted

47
Q

Where will the auxin redistribute in gravitropism?

A

Downwards into the root

48
Q

In gravitropism what does auxin do to the root and shoot growth? Why does it do this?

A

Auxin inhibits root elongation, and instead encourages the growth of adventitious roots. It has the opposite effect on shoots, and makes it grow upwards. It does this to give the plant a good support system.

49
Q

What is the purpose of Cytokinins? Where is it produced?

A

The function of cytokinins is to stimulate cell division. It is produced in the root apical meristem, embryos and fruits.

50
Q

Give an example of where Cytokinin stimulates cell division.

A

Stimulates cell division in places like the meristem.

51
Q

What is a callus?

A

Crowing mass of unorganized plant Parenchyma cells. In living plants, callus cells are those cells that cover a plant wound.

52
Q

In the cytokinin:auxin ratio, what occurs when there is more cytokinins?

A

Shoot development

53
Q

In the cytokinin:auxin ratio, what occurs when there is more auxin?

A

Root development

54
Q

What is apical dominance?

A

The balance of two hormones.

55
Q

What gradient is produced in the terminal buds?

A

Auxin gradient

56
Q

What gradient is produced in the roots?

A

Cytokinin gradient

57
Q

What does the removal of the shoot apical meristem do?

A

Activate the axillary buds

58
Q

What will happen if you add auxin to a cut stem? What does it promote?

A

The stem will initiate roots at the cut. This promotes fruit growth

59
Q

What is the purpose of Gibberellins? Where is it produced?

A

It’s purpose is to stimulate the growth of fruit, stem elongation and germination. It’s produced in roots and young leaves

60
Q

How does gibberellins stimulate the stem and leaf growht? Give an example.

A

It loosens the cell wall. An example would be foolish rice and bolting cabbage.

61
Q

During germination, gibberellin imbibes the seed, making it break its dormancy. What does it mean to ‘imbibe the seed’?

A

Uptake of water by dry seed is called imbibition (imbibition means to drink). The first part of the seedling to emerge from the seed coat is the root, or radical.

62
Q

During germination what produces gibberellin?

A

The embryo

63
Q

The gibberellin will travel to the aleurone. What is its function?

A

The aleurone stores protein as granules in plant seeds.

64
Q

What does the aleurone produce during germination? What does this product do?

A

The aleurone releases amylase to break down starch.

65
Q

What is the function of Abscisic Acid?

A

To slow growth

66
Q

How does abscisic acid affect seed dormancy?

A

It will wash out imbibition, and slow down embryo development.

67
Q

How does abscisic acid play a part in drought tolerance?

A

It closes the stomata and opens up the guard cells to accept potassium ions.

68
Q

What is the purpose of ethylene? Where is it found?

A

In response to stress it becomes a gaseous growth regulator. It is found in coal gas and is also produced by fruit.

69
Q

What kind of stress does ethylene respond to? What is it induced by?

A

It responds to drought, physical pressure, or injury. It is induced by auxin.

70
Q

Ethylene can also cause Senescence- what is this?

A

Programmed death

71
Q

What hormone does ethylene balance with in senescence?

A

Auxin

72
Q

In senescence ions are reclaimed- where are they found?

A

The leaves

73
Q

What does an auxin concentration exposed to ethylene lead to in senescence?

A

Cell wall break down

74
Q

What can cell wall break down lead to in senescence?

A

Leaf scars

75
Q

What does ethylene do in response to mechanical stress? Where is it produced?

A

It does something called triple response, which protects seedlings from getting damaged during germination. Its produced in the root tip.

76
Q

What morphological changes can a plant undergo when effected by ethylene under mechanical stress? What is it dependent on?

A

Obstacle avoidance- it is concentration dependent

77
Q

True or False: ethylene is produced by rotting fruit.

A

False: ethylene is produced by ripening fruit.

78
Q

What does ethylene effect in ripening fruit?

A

Cellulose, Starches, Scents and Colours

79
Q

Ethylene leads to ripening, as ripening leads to ___.

A

Ethylene

BIO 1030 (8 decks)

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