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BIO 1030 > Plant Growth- Roots > Flashcards

Plant Growth- Roots Flashcards

Lecture 19 Slides 1-20

1
Q

What is the definition of Determinate Growth?

A

Growth that is genetically programmed to stop once the organism reaches a certain size.

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2
Q

What is the definition of Indeterminate Growth?

A

There is no stopping point for how much the organism will grow.

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3
Q

What occurs after the embryonic stage?

A

Seed leaves and the Radicle starts to grow.

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4
Q

The three vascular organs are the roots, shoots and leaves. Where are they relative to the ground? What systems (root or shoot) do they belong to?

A

Both the shoots and leaves are above ground. The roots are below ground. The shoots and leaves belong to the shoot system and the roots belong to the root system.

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5
Q

What are the 3 basic vascular tissues?

A

Dermal, ground and vascular tissue

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6
Q

What is the function of the three basic vascular tissues?

A

Dermal: Epidermal- covers the plant
Ground: Storage, Leaves- Photosynthesis
Vascular Tissue: bundles in steams and leaves for transport and structural support

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7
Q

In the dermal tissue the epidermal cells produce what to be a protective coating?

A

Waxy Cuticle

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8
Q

What are the specialized cell(s) in the dermal tissue and what is their function? What do the Epidermal Cells look like?

A

Stoma Cells- Guard Cells

Trichome Cells- increases surface area, some toxins

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9
Q

In the first year the dermal tissue has cells called the Epidermal Cells- what are they called after that first year?

A

Periderm

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10
Q

In the Plant Cell Wall, what layer is made up of polysaccharides called pectin’s?

A

Middle Lamina

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11
Q

What is the primary cell wall mostly made of?

A

Cellulose

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12
Q

The secondary cell wall is laminated- what does this mean?

A

Addition of cellulose adds to the cell walls rigidity and strengthens it

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13
Q

There are 4 parts to the cell wall: Middle Lamina, Primary Cell Wall, Secondary Cell Wall and ____.

A

Plasma Membrane

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14
Q

Ground Tissue has thin primary cells walls, large vacuoles and most without secondary cell walls. What are these cells called?

A

Parenchyma cells

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15
Q

Parenchyma cells are metabolically active- what process(es) do they practice?

A

Photosynthesis and storage.

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16
Q

What term describes the ability to divide and differentiate into all cell types of the plant?

A

Totipotent

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17
Q

True or False: Parenchyma cells are alive at maturity

A

True

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18
Q

True or False: Parenchyma cells can be found in other tissues of the plant.

A

True

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Ground Tissue Collenchyma cells.

A

Collenchyma cells are clustered and grouped in strands. They support the tissue. They have unevenly thickened primary cell walls and are elongated.

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20
Q

Why are Collenchyma cells flexible?

A

They have no ligin

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21
Q

True or False: Collenchyma are alive at maturity.

A

True

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22
Q

True or False: Collenchyma cells are found only in Ground Tissue

A

False- they can be found in other tissues as well

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23
Q

Which Ground Tissue Cells have an extensive secondary cell wall and it very liginified?

A

Sclerenchyma Cells

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24
Q

True or False: Sclerenchyma Cells, like Parenchyma and Collenchyma cell, are alive

A

False: these cells are often found dead

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25
Q

What is the reduced form of Sclerenchyma cells called, and what is its characteristics?

A

Sclerids- they are irregular in shape, and have thick liginified secondary cell walls. They’re what make nut shells so hard.

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26
Q

What help strengthen the ground tissue? What are its characteristics?

A

Fibers- cells grouped in strands and are long, slender and tapered.

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27
Q

True or False: Sclerenchyma cells can be found in other tissue

A

True

28
Q

True of False: the phloem is used for water and mineral transport.

A

False: that is the xylem’s function

29
Q

In Vascular Tissue, Xylem’s have tubular elongated cells- what other characteristics do they have?

A

Thickened Secondary cell walls
dead protoplast
pits

30
Q

What is the name of the cell in the vascular tissues’ s xylem that is water conducting and lacks perforations in the cell wall? What is the name of the elements that do the same as this cell? What do both of them look like?

A

Tracheids- tubular, elongated cells

Vessel Elements- wider, shorter, thinner walled, and less tapered than Tracheids

31
Q

True of False: When Vessel Elements are found in angiosperms and when they reach maturity they live a very short life span

A

False: When vessel elements reach maturity they die

BUT they are found in angiosperms

32
Q

In vascular tissue what is the phloem’s job?

A

Photosynthetic transport- conducts the sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves

33
Q

In the vascular tissue and angiosperms, phloem have something called seive-tubes. What are they and what are their function?

A

A series of series of elements joined end to end to form sieve tubes, with sieve plates between each element. Their function is to transport carbohydrates, primarily sucrose, in the plant from leaves to root

34
Q

Phloem’s use Plasmodesmata to help transport materials. What is their function?

A

microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algae cells, which enable transport and communication between them

35
Q

What are companion cells in vascular tissue? What do they look like?

A

closely associated with the development of the sieve tubes. Smaller than sieve-tube elements.

36
Q

What are the seven cell types?

A 
Parenchyma Cells
Collenchyma Cells
Sclerenchyma Cells
Sclereid Cells 
Fibers 
Xylem- Tracheids
Phloem- Companion Cells
37
Q

During what growth do meristems increase the length of the plant? What growth increases the girth?

A

Primary growth increases the length of the plant, secondary growth increases the girth.

38
Q

During primary growth what meristem(s) begin to grow?

A

The shoot apical meristem and the root apical meristem.

39
Q

During secondary growth, a structure begins to grow. A main growth layer in the stems and roots of many plants, specifically In dicots (eudicots) begins to grow. It produces xylem on the INSIDE and phloem on the OUTSIDE. What is this structure called?

A

Vascular Cambian

40
Q

What is the definition of cork cambian? During what stage of growth does it occur?

A

Cork cambian is a tissue in the stem of a plant that gives rise to cork on its outer surface and a layer of cells containing chlorophyll on its inner surface. It appears during secondary growth.

41
Q

What is the pith, also know as the medulla? Where is it located?

A

The pith is located in the centre of the stem and is made up of spongy Parenchyma cells.

42
Q

What are the four functions of roots?

A

Anchorage
Absorption
Storage
Transport

43
Q

True or False: The three vascular tissues are also found in the roots.

A

True

44
Q

What are the three types of roots? Where do each of them grow from?

A

Primary Root- the embryonic radicle. Continues to grow even in the adult stage
Lateral Root- grows from the side of another root.
Adventitious Root- grows from the actual stem of the plant.

45
Q

What are the two types of root system? What are their characteristics?

A

Fibrous- dominant root that grows in fibrous strands

Tap- one dominant root that small roots grow laterally out of

46
Q

What are the four sections present in root growth?

A

Root Cap
Zone of Division
Zone of Elongation
Zone of Differentiation

47
Q

Which section present in root growth pushes the root cap into the soil as it elongates?

A

Zone of elongation

48
Q

What is the function of the root cap?

A

To protect the tip of the root as it grows further down into the soil.

49
Q

Which section present in root growth is part of the root apical meristem and creates new meristem cells through mitosis?

A

Zone of Division

50
Q

During root growth, what occurs in the zone of differentiation?

A

Cells mature, or complete their differentiation, and become distinct cell types.

51
Q

True or False: meristem cells undergo cell elongation until determinate growth tells them to stop.

A

False: meristem cells undergo indeterminate growth.

52
Q

During cell elongation the small vacuole starts to fill up with water making it large, and solute is pumped into the large vacuole. What kind of pressure does this increase?

A

Turgor Pressure- done by osmosis

53
Q

During cell elongation after the Turgor pressure is increased, the glue holding the holding cellulose fibers together is broken- what is this step called?

A

“Breaking cross bridges”

54
Q

In the process of cell elongation when the cross bridges are broken, what does this lead to?

A

Wall pressure increasing and elongation occurring.

55
Q

True or False: cell differentiation occurs after cell elongation in root growth.

A

False: Cell differentiation and cell elongation happen at the same time.

56
Q

What are the product(s) of cell differentiation during root growth?

A

Dermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue

57
Q

In eudicot roots, the stele is a very small circle in the very centre of the root. Give a description of the stele of a eudicot (or dicot) root.

A

Inside the stele of a eudicot root, the stele is a vascular cylinder with a solid star shaped xylem in the middle, with the phloem filling in the gaps.

58
Q

In monocot roots, the stele is a very large circle in the very centre of the root. Give a description of the stele of a monocot root.

A

Inside the stele of a monocot root the vascular tissue has a central core of Parenchyma cells surrounded by a ring of xylem and a ring of phloem.

59
Q

Focusing on the cross section of a monocot and eudicot root, what grows during primary growth, and what are their functions?

A

Primary growth produces the epidermis, ground tissue and vascular tissue. Root hairs grow off the surface of the epidermis to help absorb water and minerals.

60
Q

Looking at the cross section of the monocot and eudicot roots what fills the cortex of the ground tissue?

A

Parenchyma cells.

61
Q

What is the cortex? What is its purpose?

A

Region between the epidermis and vascular cylinder. Its purpose is the Storage of carbohydrates, water and minerals

62
Q

Where is the endodermis located?

A

The innermost layer of the cortex surrounding the vascular cylinder.

63
Q

What arises fro the pericycle? What does it push through?

A

Lateral Roots- they push through the cortex and epidermis to grow.

64
Q

What is the pericycle made of?

A

Parenchyma cells

65
Q

What are the two kinds of modified support roots? What are their function?

A

Prop roots- in corn

Buttress Roots- fan out to provide support

66
Q

What are the three kinds of modified roots and what are their functions?

A

Ariel- above ground; mores sunlight
Storage- stores starch; more energy for reproduction
Breathing- snorkels so water plants can receive air

BIO 1030 (8 decks)

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