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BIO 1030 > Plant Growth- Stems and Leaves > Flashcards

Plant Growth- Stems and Leaves Flashcards

Lecture 19 Slides 20-37

1
Q

What are Rhizomes?

A

Underground horizontal stem that will grow continuously and will put out lateral shoots and adventitious

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2
Q

What are the function(s) of stems?

A

Support- leaves
Transport- vascular veins
Photosynthesis

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3
Q

What are the 4 main ‘parts’ of stems and what are their functions?

A

Terminal Bud- shoot apical meristem
Node- where leaves attach
Internode- segment between two nodes on stem
Axillary Bud- bud at the axial of each leaf with the ability to grow a shoot

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4
Q

True or False: like root growth, stems also have a stem cap

A

False: There is no stem cap in stem growth (they’re not going underground)

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5
Q

What organ(s) are created during stem growth? What are their function?

A

Stem- the stem of the plant
Leaf Primordia- will grow into a leaf when mature
Axillary Bud- sleeping flower bud

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6
Q

What three sections are present in stem growth?

A

Zone of Division
Zone of Elongation
Zone of Differentiation

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7
Q

In stem growth was section pushes the apex up above ground?

A

Zone of elongation

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8
Q

What is the purpose in stem growth of the zone of division?

A

The zone of division is part of the shoot apical meristem and is where meristem cells divide to create more cells

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9
Q

What does the zone of differentiation grow?

A

The stem organs and tissues

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10
Q

True of False: stems have an indeterminate growth.

A

True

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11
Q

The internodes do what during stem growth?

A

Elongate

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12
Q

Looking at the cross section of eudicot stem, how are the vascular bundles arranged? How are the vascular bundles arranged in a monocot stem?

A

In a eudicot stem the vascular bundles are arranged around the outer edge of the stem near the epidermis. In the monocot the vascular bundles are arranged at random.

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13
Q

In eudicot vascular bundles, what are the xylem and phloem adjacent to?

A

The Xylem is adjacent to the pith, and the Phloem is adjacent to the cortex

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14
Q

True of False: in the ground tissue of both eudicot and monocot stems, the tissue includes Parenchyma cells, Collenchyma cells beneath the epidermis and Sclerenchyma cells around non-elongating cells

A

True

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15
Q

Why are the terms ‘pith’ and ‘cortex’ not used when describing a monocot stem?

A

Since the vascular bundles are not arranged in a ring, there really is no centre to name the pith or empty space to name the cortex.

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of modified stems?

A

Horizontal, underground, reduced and tubers

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17
Q

What are the function(s) of leaves?

A

Photosynthesis
Transpiration
Gas Exchange
Reproduction

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18
Q

True or False: The leaf Primordia is part of the root apical meristem

A

False: the leaf Primordia is part of the shoot apical meristem

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19
Q

What is the vein that runs down the centre of the leaf called?

A

The midrib or midvein

20
Q

True or False: Leaves also practice indeterminate growth.

A

False: leaves practice determinate growth

21
Q

What are the 4 components of leaves, and what are their functions?

A

Petiole- the stalk that joins the leaf to the stem
Blade- extended part of the leaf or petal
Stipules- A leafy appendage found usually in pairs at or near the base of the petiole
Axillary bud- a bud that grows from the axial of a leaf and may develop into a branch or flower cluster

22
Q

If a leaf’s blade is not divided to the midvein even though it is lobed, what type of leaf is it?

A

A simple leaf

23
Q

If a leaf consists of several or many distinct parts (leaflets) joined to a single stem, what type of leaf is it?

A

A compound leaf

24
Q

What does the vascular tissue of a leaf contain?

A

The xylem and phloem

25
Q

What does the ground tissue of a leaf contain?

A

Palisade Mesophyll
Spongy Mesophyll
Sclerenchyma Fibers

26
Q

In the ground tissue, what cells are below the cuticle and epidermis, are vertically elongated, absorb light for photosynthesis?

A

Palisade Mesophyll

27
Q

What is the function of the Spongy Mesophyll? What do they look like?

A

Spongy Mesophyll cells are loosely arranged in irregular shapes with spaces between each cell for air movement and gas exchange.

28
Q

What supports most of the structure of the leaf?

A

Sclerenchyma cells

29
Q

In leaves the epidermis is interrupted by pores that allow the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2)- what are they called?

A

Stomata

30
Q

What are the stomata surrounded by? What is their function?

A

Stomata are surrounded by two guard cells that regulate the opening and closing of the pores.

31
Q

What are the 5 types of modified leaves?

A 
Attachment 
Defense 
Storage 
Reproduction 
Advertising
32
Q

Secondary Growth grows two new meristems in plants- what do these meristems produce?

A

The vascular cambian and cork cambian

33
Q

What does the vascular cambian produce? What do we see it as?

A

Secondary Xylem- Wood

Secondary Phloem- Inner Back

34
Q

What does cork cambian produce? What do we see it as?

A

Periderm- Cork

35
Q

What are the steps to the division of the vascular cambian?

A

Cell Division- Daughter Cells
Cell Enlargement
Cell Differentiation

36
Q

What does the division of the vascular cambian produce?

A

Secondary xylem and the secondary phloem

37
Q

What does a variance in the secondary xylem lead to? What does this mean?

A

Annular Growth- ringlike figure, part, structure, or marking, such as a growth ring which tells us the plants age.

38
Q

During annular growth, what season(s) produces larger vessels and tracheids?

A

Early Spring

39
Q

During annular growth, what season(s) produce smaller vessels, tracheids and fibers?

A

Late Summer

40
Q

What are the function(s) of the cork cambian?

A

Suberin
Prevents water loss
Protection
Epidermis isolation

41
Q

True or False: Suberin is a permeable waxy substance.

A

False: it is an impermeable waxy substance.

42
Q

Where does the cork cambian form?

A

Under the epidermis

43
Q

What are the steps to the division of the cork cambian?

A

Cell division- daughter cells
Cell elongation
Cell differentiation

44
Q

What does the division of the cork cambian produce?

A

Cork cell

45
Q

What is the term that describes a cellular plant tissue from which phloem, xylem, or cork grow by division, resulting (in woody plants) in secondary thickening.

A

Cambia

BIO 1030 (8 decks)

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