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Plant phylogeny Flashcards

To look at the evolutionary pathway of major plant classes

1
Q

What 3 major groups are plants divided into?

A

Grey plants (13 species), red plants (6000 species) and green plants (450,000 species)

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2
Q

In botany, what suffix is added to the name of a phylum?

A

-phyta

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3
Q

In botany, what suffix is added to the name of a class?

A

-phyceae/opsida

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4
Q

In botany, what suffix is added to the name of an order?

A

-ales

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5
Q

In botany, what suffix is added to the name of a family?

A

-aceae

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6
Q

In the phylogeny of green plants, what features denote a green plant?

A

Chlorophylls a/b

Starch inside chloroplasts

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7
Q

In the phylogeny of green plants, what features separate Streptophyta from various green algae species?

A

Asymmetrical, biflagellated male gametes

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8
Q

In the phylogeny of green plants, what features separate stoneworts and land plants from green algae?

A

Mitotic phragmoplast

Plasmodesmata

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9
Q

In the phylogeny of green plants, what features separate land plants from stoneworts?

A 
Archegonium
Antheridium
Multicellular diploid sporophyte
Multicellular sporangia
Spores with sporopollenin
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10
Q

What are the 6 classes of land plant?

A 
Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
Lycopods
Ferns
Seed plants
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11
Q

In the phylogeny of land plants, what features are seen after the branching off of liverworts?

A

Stomata

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12
Q

In the phylogeny of land plants, what features are seen after the branching off of hornworts?

A

Water conducting tissue

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13
Q

In the phylogeny of land plants, what features are seen after the branching off of mosses?

A

Xylem and phloem

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14
Q

In the phylogeny of land plants, what features are seen after the branching off of lycopods?

A

Multi flagellate sperm

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15
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

Group contains all descendants of last common ancestor

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16
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

Group contains common ancestor of all members but not all descendants of common ancestor

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17
Q

What is a polyphyletic group?

A

Group derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor

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18
Q

What are monophyletic groups defined by?

A

Synapomorphies - shared, derived character states

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19
Q

What are paraphyletic groups defined by?

A

Shared ancestral character states

20
Q

What are polyphyletic groups defined by?

A

Similar derived characteristics - the product of convergent evolution

21
Q

What is a holophyletic group?

A

The same as monophyletic - group contains all descendants of common ancestor

22
Q

What classes are included in the group Bryophytes?

A

Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses

23
Q

What type of group is the bryophytes?

A

Paraphyletic

24
Q

In vascular plants, what is transported by the xylem?

A

Water and solutes

25
In vascular plants. what is transported by the phloem?
Photosynthates
26
What types of vascular organisation are seen in vascular plants?
Protostele Siphonostele (with or without leaf gaps) Eustele
27
What two branches do the seed plants divide into?
Gymonosperms | Angiosperms
28
What types of plant exist within the gymnosperms?
Cycads Ginkgo Gnetophytes Conifers
29
What features separate angiosperms from gymnosperms?
``` Xylem vessels Carpel/fruit Flower Tectate microspore (pollen) wall Double fertilisation (embryo and endosperm) ```
30
Compare the xylem of conifers and angiosperm.
Conifers only have tracheids, which are less susceptible to freezing damage Angiosperm have tracheids and vessel elements, which allows for rapid conduction of fluids and rapid growth
31
What are the main reproductive features of a flower?
``` Bisexual reproductive axis Stamen (male) - anther and filament Carpel (female) - stigma, style, ovary and ovule Ovary forms fruit Ovules protected within ovary ```
32
What general trends are seen in floral evolution?
``` Reduction and fusion Perianth - tepal -> clearly differentiated sepals and petals Petals - many, free -> few, fused Carpels - many, separate -> few, fused Ovary - superior -> inferior Spirals -> whorls ```
33
If carpels are free, the gynoecium is referred to as...
Apocarpous
34
If carpels are united, the gynoecium is referred to as...
Syncarpous
35
With a single carpel, the ovary is said to be...
Simple
36
With united carpels, the ovary is said to be...
Compound
37
What are the elements of the floral formulae?
``` Symmetry - radial or bilateral Tepals - number, free or fused Sepals - number, free or fused Petals - number, free or fused Stamens - number, free or fused Carpels, number, position, free or fused Fruit - type ```
38
What group is sister to the angiosperms?
Seed ferns (now extinct)
39
What are the major branches of the angiosperm phylogeny? (in order)
``` Amborella Water lillies Star anise Magnolias Monocots Eudicots ```
40
What is the scientific name of water lillies?
Nymphaeaceae
41
What is the floral formula for water lillies?
So, T5-n, An, Gs(n), berry
42
Give some features of water lillies.
Aquatic herbs | Pollinated by beetles
43
What are amborella?
Most primitive angiosperm | Xylem is only tracheid - like gymnosperm
44
What is the floral formula for Magnoliaceae?
So, T6-n, An, Gsn, follicles
45
What is the arrangement of perianth, stamens and carpels in magnoliaceae?
Stamens and carpels spirally arranged | Perianth appears to spiral but actually organised in groups of three
46
What are the features of monocots?
Monocolpate pollen Single cotyledon Usually parallel venation Flower parts in 3s
47
What are the features of eudicots?
Tricolpate pollen Two cotyledons Usually reticulate venation Flower parts in 4s or 5s

Plant ID (10 decks)

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