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Plant ID > Plant phylogeny > Flashcards

Plant phylogeny Flashcards

To look at the evolutionary pathway of major plant classes

1
Q

What 3 major groups are plants divided into?

A

Grey plants (13 species), red plants (6000 species) and green plants (450,000 species)

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2
Q

In botany, what suffix is added to the name of a phylum?

A

-phyta

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3
Q

In botany, what suffix is added to the name of a class?

A

-phyceae/opsida

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4
Q

In botany, what suffix is added to the name of an order?

A

-ales

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5
Q

In botany, what suffix is added to the name of a family?

A

-aceae

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6
Q

In the phylogeny of green plants, what features denote a green plant?

A

Chlorophylls a/b

Starch inside chloroplasts

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7
Q

In the phylogeny of green plants, what features separate Streptophyta from various green algae species?

A

Asymmetrical, biflagellated male gametes

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8
Q

In the phylogeny of green plants, what features separate stoneworts and land plants from green algae?

A

Mitotic phragmoplast

Plasmodesmata

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9
Q

In the phylogeny of green plants, what features separate land plants from stoneworts?

A 
Archegonium
Antheridium
Multicellular diploid sporophyte
Multicellular sporangia
Spores with sporopollenin
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10
Q

What are the 6 classes of land plant?

A 
Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
Lycopods
Ferns
Seed plants
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11
Q

In the phylogeny of land plants, what features are seen after the branching off of liverworts?

A

Stomata

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12
Q

In the phylogeny of land plants, what features are seen after the branching off of hornworts?

A

Water conducting tissue

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13
Q

In the phylogeny of land plants, what features are seen after the branching off of mosses?

A

Xylem and phloem

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14
Q

In the phylogeny of land plants, what features are seen after the branching off of lycopods?

A

Multi flagellate sperm

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15
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

Group contains all descendants of last common ancestor

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16
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

Group contains common ancestor of all members but not all descendants of common ancestor

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17
Q

What is a polyphyletic group?

A

Group derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor

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18
Q

What are monophyletic groups defined by?

A

Synapomorphies - shared, derived character states

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19
Q

What are paraphyletic groups defined by?

A

Shared ancestral character states

20
Q

What are polyphyletic groups defined by?

A

Similar derived characteristics - the product of convergent evolution

21
Q

What is a holophyletic group?

A

The same as monophyletic - group contains all descendants of common ancestor

22
Q

What classes are included in the group Bryophytes?

A

Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses

23
Q

What type of group is the bryophytes?

A

Paraphyletic

24
Q

In vascular plants, what is transported by the xylem?

A

Water and solutes

25
Q

In vascular plants. what is transported by the phloem?

A

Photosynthates

26
Q

What types of vascular organisation are seen in vascular plants?

A

Protostele
Siphonostele (with or without leaf gaps)
Eustele

27
Q

What two branches do the seed plants divide into?

A

Gymonosperms

Angiosperms

28
Q

What types of plant exist within the gymnosperms?

A

Cycads
Ginkgo
Gnetophytes
Conifers

29
Q

What features separate angiosperms from gymnosperms?

A 
Xylem vessels
Carpel/fruit
Flower
Tectate microspore (pollen) wall
Double fertilisation (embryo and endosperm)
30
Q

Compare the xylem of conifers and angiosperm.

A

Conifers only have tracheids, which are less susceptible to freezing damage
Angiosperm have tracheids and vessel elements, which allows for rapid conduction of fluids and rapid growth

31
Q

What are the main reproductive features of a flower?

A 
Bisexual reproductive axis
Stamen (male) - anther and filament
Carpel (female) - stigma, style, ovary and ovule
Ovary forms fruit
Ovules protected within ovary
32
Q

What general trends are seen in floral evolution?

A 
Reduction and fusion
Perianth - tepal -> clearly differentiated sepals and petals
Petals - many, free -> few, fused
Carpels - many, separate -> few, fused
Ovary - superior -> inferior
Spirals -> whorls
33
Q

If carpels are free, the gynoecium is referred to as…

A

Apocarpous

34
Q

If carpels are united, the gynoecium is referred to as…

A

Syncarpous

35
Q

With a single carpel, the ovary is said to be…

A

Simple

36
Q

With united carpels, the ovary is said to be…

A

Compound

37
Q

What are the elements of the floral formulae?

A 
Symmetry - radial or bilateral
Tepals - number, free or fused
Sepals - number, free or fused
Petals - number, free or fused
Stamens - number, free or fused
Carpels, number, position, free or fused
Fruit - type
38
Q

What group is sister to the angiosperms?

A

Seed ferns (now extinct)

39
Q

What are the major branches of the angiosperm phylogeny? (in order)

A 
Amborella
Water lillies
Star anise
Magnolias
Monocots
Eudicots
40
Q

What is the scientific name of water lillies?

A

Nymphaeaceae

41
Q

What is the floral formula for water lillies?

A

So, T5-n, An, Gs(n), berry

42
Q

Give some features of water lillies.

A

Aquatic herbs

Pollinated by beetles

43
Q

What are amborella?

A

Most primitive angiosperm

Xylem is only tracheid - like gymnosperm

44
Q

What is the floral formula for Magnoliaceae?

A

So, T6-n, An, Gsn, follicles

45
Q

What is the arrangement of perianth, stamens and carpels in magnoliaceae?

A

Stamens and carpels spirally arranged

Perianth appears to spiral but actually organised in groups of three

46
Q

What are the features of monocots?

A

Monocolpate pollen
Single cotyledon
Usually parallel venation
Flower parts in 3s

47
Q

What are the features of eudicots?

A

Tricolpate pollen
Two cotyledons
Usually reticulate venation
Flower parts in 4s or 5s

Plant ID (10 decks)

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