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BIOLOGY IGCSE > PLANT NUTRITION > Flashcards

PLANT NUTRITION Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of photosynthesis?

A

Process in which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

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2
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 12H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

What are 3 requirements for photosynthesis?

A

light
chlorophyll
carbon dioxide

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4
Q

What happens if you covered a part of the leaf and added iodine? Why?

A

Parts that were covered did not turn blue black

In the parts that were covered there wasn’t starch

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5
Q

What happens if there isn’t chlorophyll present and then iodine was added? Why?

A

White parts turned brown
Green parts turned black/blue
The white part didn’t have chlorophyll and the green part did so that means photosynthesis took place

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6
Q

What does soda lime(sodium hydroxide) do?

A

Absorbs carbon dioxide

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7
Q

What does sodium hydrogen carbonate do?

A

Releases carbon dioxide

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8
Q

What happens when soda lime is placed near a plant when iodine is added? Why?

A

Parts stay brown

starch is not present as there is no carbon dioxide

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9
Q

What happens when sodium hydrogen carbonate is placed near a pant when added iodine? Why?

A

Parts turn black blue

carbon dioxide is present so it is able to photosynthesis

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10
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

It occurs in specialized double- membraned organelles called chloroplasts which contain the light absorbing green pigment called chlorophyll

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11
Q

What does chlorophyll do?

A

Chlorophyll transfers light energy into chemical energy in molecules for the synthesis of carbohydrates

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12
Q

List the order of the structure of the leaf

A 
Waxy cuticle
upper epidermis 
palisade mesophyll layer 
spongy mesophyll layer 
xylem 
phloem 
lower epidermis 
guard cell (stoma)
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13
Q

Where are chloroplasts concentrated? Why?

A

Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells near the top of the leaf in order to receive the most sunlight

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14
Q

What are the called?

A

palisade cells

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15
Q

What are the spongy mesophyll cells?

A

Layer of loosely packed cells with some chloroplasts that are also able to photosynthesis.

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16
Q

Where are air spaces and what do they do?

A

Air spaces are in the spongy mesophyll layer and they are in this layer where gases can build up as they enter and leave the leaf.

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17
Q

How is water brought into the leaf?

A

Water is brought in by veins

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18
Q

What does the cuticle do and where is it found?

A

upper epidermis

prevents water loss

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19
Q

Where are stomata found?

A

lower epidermis

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20
Q

What do stomata do?

A

Control gaseous exchange needed for photosynthesis

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21
Q

When do stomata open?

A

during the day when there is high carbon dioxide uptale

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22
Q

What is produced by photosynthesis and how does it leave the leaf?

A

oxygen

by diffusion through the open stomata

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23
Q

How could excessive water loss and wilted plants happen?

A

Some of the water coming into the leaf via veins also evaporates and diffuses out of the leaf via stomata

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24
Q

What happens if water loss in excessive?

A

Plants are forced to close their stomata during the day which decreases the rate of photosynthesis.

25
Q

What are the three factors that affect photosynthesis?

A

Temperature
Carbon dioxide concentration
light intensity

26
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

If any factors are in short supply the rate of photosynthesis will be less than its maximum possible rate

27
Q

How can increasing temperature increase photosynthesis?

A

Increasing molecular collisions due to kinetic energy leads to an increase in the rate of photosynthesis.

28
Q

What is optimal temperature?

A

Maximum rate of photosynthesis reached

29
Q

How can high temperatures decrease the rate of photosyntheis?

A

Breaking of bonds in enzymes structure leads to a change in shape of the active site( denaturing)

30
Q

When does the rate of photosynthesis increase due to carbon dioxide concentration?

A

Rate of photosynthesis increases until all substrate molecules are being used up

31
Q

How can you increase the rate of concentration if the carbon dioxide concentration has become constant?

A

increase temperature or light intensity

32
Q

What causes light intensity to become constant?

A

a factor becomes a short supply

33
Q

What 4 conditions can be set up in greenhouses to reduce the effects of limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Greenhouse to be constructed from glass to enable maximum transmission of light
Artificial lighting systems can be sued to lengthen a plants growing season
Heat is used in greenhouses
Paraffin heaters in small scale to increase concentration of co2

34
Q

What is the chemical equation for respiration?

A

6CO2 +C6H12O6 = 6H20 + 6CO2 + energy

35
Q

What is the compensation point?

A

Compensation point is the point where teh rate of photosynthesis and respiration point are balanced and there is no net uptake or loss of carbon dioxide or oxygen.

36
Q

When does photosynthesis not occur? Why?

A

At night. There is no sunlight

37
Q

When is the rate of photosynthesis highest?

A

During the day

38
Q

What is the indicator that shows carbon dioxide concentration in solution?

A

hydrogencarbonate indicator

39
Q

What does orange indicate?

A

an average amount of co2

40
Q

What does yellow indicate?

A

A lot of co2

41
Q

What does purple indicate?

A

A little co2

42
Q

What happens if you boil a leaf?

A

there are no living cells

43
Q

What are minerals needed for?

A

Are needed for healthy growth

44
Q

How do minerals enter the plant?

A

They are absorbed through the roots by active transport as mineral ions dissolved in the soil water

45
Q

What are the 4 most important minerals needed by plants? What are their ions called?

A

nitrogen nitrates
phosphorus phosphates
potassium potassium ions
magnesium magnesium ions

46
Q

What is nitrate needed for?

A

to make proteins

47
Q

What happens in nitrate deficiency?

A

The amount of chlorophyll in leaves reduces

This reduces the plant is ability to photosynthesis and grow properly

48
Q

How can you tell if a plant has a nitrate deficiency?

A

upper leaves are green but lower leaves are yellow

49
Q

How can you increase nitrate levels?

A

add chemicals or natural fertilisers such as manure

50
Q

What do plants need magnesium ion for?

A

To make chlorophyll in the leaves

51
Q

What happens is the plant has magnesium ion deficiency?

A

the plant is limited in terms of its photosynthetic ability and the plant growth is compromised

52
Q

How can you tell if a plant has magnesium ion deficiency?

A

Upper leaves are green lower leaves pale green or yellow

53
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

Eutrophication happens when excess nitrate enters rivers or lakes from fields. This can lead to the death of fish and other aquatic animals.

54
Q

Explain using details how this can heavily affect the ecosystem.

A

This happens when fertilisers are washed in rivers or lakes. Algae feed off of nutrients and create a green covering of the lake. This is called algae bloom which covers the water source not allowing any light to penetrate. Bacteria then eat the dead matter releasing more nutrients and consume oxygen making the lake anoxic. This causes for plants and animals to die due to lack of oxygen.

55
Q

How are plants adapted for the process of photosynthesis?

A

they are broad and thin with many chloroplasts n their cells

56
Q

What are raw materials of photosynthesis?

A

water and carbon dioxide

57
Q

List three uses of carbohydrate in plants

A

creates the cell walls
stores available energy
primary fuel in cells

58
Q

Explain how atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations contribute to global warming.

A

they contribute as co2 creates a thick blanket around the atmosphere
light and heat cannot escape the atmosphere
co2 is a greenhouse gas contributing to the greenhouse effect

59
Q

What are energy transducers?

A

Chloroplasts act as energy transducers converting light energy into chemical energy

BIOLOGY IGCSE (16 decks)

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