Gas Exchange Flashcards
What do cells need energy for?
Contracting muscels Making protein molecules Cell division Active transport Transmitting nerve impulses Produce heat
Uses of energy in the body of humans.
maintenance of a constant body temp cell division + growth active transport Passage of nerve impulses Muscle contraction Protein synthesis
What is the main nutrient used to provide energy?
Glucose
What is respiration?
Cells that have to break down glucose molecules to release energy through a series of metabolic reactions which also involves the actions of of enzymes.
What is aerobic repiration?
Cells releasing energy from glucose by combining it with oxygen
Where does aerobic respiration happen?
Mitochondria
What is the equation for respiration?
C6H1206 + 602 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
How can we investigate aerobic respiration?
By measuring the amount of oxygen that they take from the air using a respirometer.
How do we remove the carbon dioxide?
Potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide
What does a respirometer consist of?
Two tubes one containing living organisms and the other containing glass beads to act as a control.
What happens once the apparatus is set up?
Movement of the coloured liquid towards the living organism giving a measure of the volume of oxygen taken up for respiration.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Energy released from sugar without using oxygen
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast cells?
Glucose =(yeast above the equal) ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 =(yeast above the equal) 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Where does anaerobic respiration take place in humans?
In muscle cells
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?
Glucose= lactic acid+ energy
What does lactic acid do?
Lowers the pH level of the cells adn could denature enzymes.
What happens to the lactic acid once exercise is done?
Blood with lactic acid is passes through thte liver where it is taken to the liver celss where it is oxidised produced carbon dioxide and water
Why do we continue to breathe heavily after exercise?
We need to transport lactic acid to the liver and continue getting large amounts of oxygen into the blood to oxidise the lactic acid.
What surrounds the trachea?
Rings of cartillage
What is the function of the rings of catillage?
To support the airways and keep them open during breathing.
What are the passages down to the lungs lined with?
Ciliated epithelial cells
What do ciliated epithelial cells have?
Tiny hairs that beat and push mucus up the passages towards the nose and throat.
Where is mucus made?
Goblet cells
What does mucus do?
Traps particles, pathogens and dust and prevents them from getting into the lungs.
What are the ribs?
Bone structure that protects internal organs such as lungs
What are intercostal muscles?
Muscels between ribs which control the movements causing inhalation and exhalation
What is the diaphragm?
Sheet of connective tissue and muscle at the bottom of the thorax that helps change the volume of th ethorax to allow inhalation and exhalation.
What is the trachea?
Windpipe that connects the mouth and nose to the lungs
What is the larynx?
When the air passes across here we are able to make sounds
What is the bronchi?
Large tubes branching of the trachea with one bronchus for each lung.
What are bronchioles?
Bronchi split to form smaller tubes called bronchioles in the lungs connected to alveoli
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place
What increases the gas exchange?
Larger surface area
Thin walls
Good ventillation with air
Good blood supply
What do intercostal muscles do during inhalation?
Pull the ribs up and out
They relax
What do exhalation muscles do during exhalation?
Pull the ribs down and in
They relax
What do the diaphragm muscels do during inhalation?
Contracts and moves downwards
What happens to the lung volume during inhalation?
Increases and pressure fall
What do the diaphragm muscels do during exhalation?
Relax and returns to its dome shape
What happens to the lung volume during exhalation?
lung volume decreases and pressure increases
Describe gas exchange
Blood returned from the body have a lack of oxygen
and alveoli have fresh oxygen so a perfect concentration gradient is created as the oxygen diffuses down the gradient into the red blood cells and the CO2 diffuses from the plasma into the alveoli.
How much is oxygen in inspired air?
21%
How much is carbon dioxide in inspired air?
0.04%
How much is nitrogen in inspired air?
78%
How much is water vapour in inspired air?
Lower
How much is oxygen in expired air?
16%
How much is carbon dioxide in expired air?
4%
How much is nitrogen in expired air?
78%
How much is water vapour in expired air?
higher
What can we use to test for CO2?
Limewater- turns cloudy
How can we investigate the effect of exercise on breathing?
By counting the breaths taken during one minute
What do we expect would happen to the frequency and depth of breathing?
The number of breaths will increase and chest expansion increase
Why does frequency and depth of breathing increase during exercise?
Bc of muscles are working harder and aerobically respiring more and need more oxygen to be delivered to them to keep up the energy demand.
What happens as respiration increases?
More CO2 is produced and enters the blood
What does the increase the CO2 concentration do to the brain?
Stimulates receptor cells that send impulses to the muscles of the lungs causing them to contract and move more strongly
