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BIOLOGY IGCSE > Human transport > Flashcards

Human transport Flashcards

1
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of/

A

Blood
Blood vessels
Heart
Valves that make sure the blood is flowing in the right direction

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2
Q

What does double circulatory system mean?

A

The blood passes through the heart twice on one complete circuit of the body.

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3
Q

Where is a double circulatory system found?

A

All mammals and in birds and reptiles

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4
Q

What does a single circulatory system mean?

A

The blood passes through the heart only once on a complete circuit

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5
Q

Which animal has a single circulatory system?

A

Fish

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6
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To pump blood around the body.

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7
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

It is made of a special type of muscle called cardiac muscle which contracts and relaxes

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8
Q

What are the two upper chambers called?

A

Atria

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9
Q

What are the two lower chambers called?

A

Ventricles

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10
Q

What separates the two sides of the heart?

A

The septum

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11
Q

What contracts first and what happens?

A

The walls of the atria and force blood into the ventricles

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12
Q

What contracts after the atria?

A

The ventricles and they send blood to the arteries

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13
Q

What do valves do?

A

They prevent blood flowing backwards during or after heart contractions

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14
Q

What is the heart muscle supplied with?

A

Food and oxygen by the coronary arteries

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15
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein come from?

A

The lungs

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16
Q

Where does the vena cava come from?

A

The rest of the body

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17
Q

Where does the aorta go?

A

Takes the blood around the body

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18
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery go?

A

To the lungs

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19
Q

Name the two blood vessels on the right side of the heart

A

vena cava and pulmonary artery

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20
Q

Name the two blood vessels on the left side of the heart

A

aorta and pulmonary vein

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21
Q

Why does the artery have a thick layer of muscle?

A

To withstand high pressure

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22
Q

What is the function of the atria?

A

Atria receives blood and supply it to the ventricles

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23
Q

What is the function of the ventricles?

A

Ventricles pump blood out of the heart and around the body. Ventricles have much thicker more muscular walls than the atria.

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24
Q

What is the pressure of the right ventricle?

A

Low pressure as it pumps to the lungs

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25
What helps the left ventricle pump blood?
The thick wall of muscle as it has to pump blood around the body.
26
What are atrioventricular valves?
Valves that separate each atrium from the ventricle
27
What is the valve called on the left side of the heart?
Bicuspid valve
28
What is the valve called on the right side of the heart?
Tricuspid valve
29
What happens to the valves when the ventricles contract?
The pressure of the blood pushes the valves upwards. The tendons attached to them stop from going up too far.
30
What valves are found in the pulmonary artery and the aorta?
Semi-lunar valves
31
Describe the blood flow
Blood from the body- vena cava- right atrium-tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary semi lunar valve- pulmonary artery- lungs -pulmonary veins-left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle-aortic semi lunar valve- aorta- body
32
What is the average bpm?
60 to 75
33
What instrument allows you to hear the heartbeat?
the stethoscope
34
What causes the sound of the heart beating?
Valves closing first lub sound is from the valves that separate the atria and ventricles second dub sound is from the valves at the entrance of the aorta and pulmonary artery
35
What is systole?
The heart muscle contracting, becoming smaller and pushing blood out
36
What is diastole?
The muscles relax becomes larger and blood flows in.
37
What causes a pulse?
The expansion and relaxation of an artery caused by the heart pushing blood through it.
38
How can you record the activity of the heart in a hospital?
ECG- electrocardiography- little electrodes stuck onto a person' body
39
Why does the heart beat faster during exercise?
Muscles require oxygen for respiration in order to release energy.
40
What is coronary heart disease?
When a healthy coronary artery is narrowed by atheroma so blood flow is restricted. The heart muscle is deprived of glucose and oxygen and toxins such as lactic acid builds up.
41
Risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing CHD
``` a diet full of cholesterol, saturated fats, sugar tobacco cigarettes being a man inherited genetic heart disease drinking excessively too much stress raises blood pressure ```
42
How can someone with CHD be treated?
Regular does of aspirin which prevents the formation of blood clots
43
What is a stent?
A little mesh tube inserted in the artery to keep it open
44
In terms of surgery, how can you prevent CHD?
stent angioplasty coronary bypass operation
45
What is angioplasty?
A tiny balloon is inserted and inflated using water to push the artery open
46
What is coronary bypass operation?
Severely damaged coronary artery can be replaced with a length of blood vessel taken from another part of the body
47
How can you prevent CHD?
``` Avoid smoking intake of nitroglycerin diet low in sugar and saturated fat exercising a few times a week- aerobic and strength training no excessive consumption of alcohol blood pressure under control ```
48
How does smoking increase the likelihood of getting CHD?
Smoking increases the formation of plaque in blood vessels and may be blocked with a clot.
49
What are the main blood vessels in the heart?
Vena Cava, aorta pulmonary artery pulmonary vein
50
What are the main blood vessels in the lungs?
Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
51
What are the main blood vessels in the kidney?
Renal artery and renal vein
52
What are the main blood vessels in the liver?
Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
53
What is tissue fluid?
The fluid leaking out of capillaries
54
Why do capillaries leak?
Their cells in their walls do not fit together. Plasma can leak out from the blood. WBC can also get through these gaps. RBC cannot get out.
55
What does tissue fluid supply cells?
Oxygen and nutrients which diffuse from the blood | Waste products diffuse in the opposite direction
56
What drains into the lymphatic capillaries?
tissue fluid
57
What is lymph?
The tissue fluid that drains into the lymphatic capillaries
58
What do lymphatic capillaries join up to be?
They form larger lymphatic vessels which carry lymph to the subclavian veins
59
What are subclavian veins?
They bring blood back from the arms.
60
Describe the structure of lymph vessels
They have valves
61
Describe the movement of lymph
Moves slower than blood.
62
What are lymph nodes?
Where lymphocytes are stored
63
Where are lymphocytes released?
Into the lymph to eventually reach the blood system
64
What are the functions of lymphatic system?
Return fluid to heart Helps large molecules enter the blood immune surveillance
65
What is the function of the artery?
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
66
What is the structure of the arteries?
Thicker outer wall | Thicker layer of muscle and elastic fibres
67
What is the width of the arteries lumen?
Relatively narrow- it stretches and recoils
68
How does the structure fit the arteries function?
Thick walls withstand high blood pressure | rings of muscle control the blood flow in it according to the body's need
69
What is the structure of the capillaries?
very thin- one cell thick
70
What is the function of the capillaries?
Takes nutrients, oxygen and other materials to the cells and take away waste materials
71
What is the width of the capillaries lumen?
Very small
72
How does the structure fit the capillaries function?
thin walls all blood to have close contact with body tissues substances diffuse into and out due to thin walls
73
What is the function of the veins?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the heart
74
What is the structure of veins?
Quite thin- contain less muscle and elastic tissue
75
What is the veins width of lumen?
Wide central tube and has valves
76
How does the structure fit the veins structure?
Large diameter and thin walls reduce resistance to the flow of blood. They have valves in order to prevent back flow few muscle and elastic fibers because there is low blood pressure
77
What is the structure of plasma?
Straw colored liquid- mostly water
78
What is the structure of the red blood cells?
Contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen biconcave shape to provide a large surface area for diffusion of oxygen No nucleus to provide space\ small size means they can go through capillaries
79
What is the structure of white blood cells?
Variable shapes with nucleus | Sensitive cell surface membrane to detect easily microorganisms
80
What is the structure of platelets?
Cell fragments with no nucleus
81
What is the function of plasma?
``` Transport co2 Transport nutrients Transport urea Transport hormones Transport heat Transport proteins Transport antibodies ```
82
What is the function of the red blood cells?
Transport oxygen | prepare carbon dioxide for transport
83
What is the function of white blood cells?
Fight and remove pathogens by releasing antibodies engulfing microorganisms
84
What is the function of platelets?
Convert fibrinogen to fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh that traps blood. Important in blood clotting and scab formation.
85
Advantages of double circulatory system
Blood flow loses pressure in mammal's lungs so this low pressure blood is delivered to heart to raise the blood pressure again. This increases speed at which oxygen and nutrients are supplied.
86
What is the purpose of clotting?
Prevent excess blood loss | Prevent the entry of pathogens

BIOLOGY IGCSE (16 decks)

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