Plant Diversity Part 1 Flashcards
are the closest relatives of land plants (green algae)
Charophytes
NOT descendants of charophytes but _______ a common ancestor
share
Advantages of plants moving to land
unfiltered sun, more plentiful CO2, nutrient rich soil and few herbivores or pathogens
Challenges of land
scarcity of water, lack of structural support
4 key derived traits of plants
alteration of generations, walled spores, multicellular gametangia, apical meristems
apical meristems
where stem cells of plant are found
gametophyte (2n or N)
haploid
What stage is most common for vascular plants?
Sporophyte phase
Sporophyte
diploid, but produces haploid spores by meiosis
What stage is most common for non-vascular plants?
Gametophyte
sporangia
spores produced by sporophyte
undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
sporocytes
sporopollenin
found in spore walls, protects against desiccation (drying), makes resistant to harsh environments
produce eggs and are site of fertilization
archegonia
site of sperm production and release
antheridia
growth regions at plant tips (allow plants to sustain continual growth)
apical meristems
Nonvascular plants
Bryophytes
plants that have vascular tissue
vascular plants
two types of vascular plants
Seedless vascular and seed plants
two types of seedless vascular plants
lycophytes and pterophytes
embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
seed
two clades of seed plants
gymnosperms + angiosperms
Naked seed plants (conifers)
gymnosperms
flowering plants (monocots and dicots)
angiosperm
Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses
3 phyla of Bryophytes
Dominant stage of Byrophytes
Gametophytes are dominant
Sperm is produced here by mature gametophytes
antheridia
Egg is produced here
archegonium
form extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material
Peat moss /Sphagnum
Important global resevoir of organic carbon
Sphagnum
Three characteristics of vascular plants
Life cycles with dominant sporophytes, vascular tissues (xlyem, phloem), well developed true roots and leaves
conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells
xylem
dead cells
tracheids
consists of living cells and distributes nutrients
phloem
organs that anchor vascular plants and enable water and nutrient absorption from soil
Roots
Organs that increase surface area of vascular plants for capturing more solar energy used for photosynthesis
Leaves
Producing one type of spore that develops in bisexual gamete
homosporous
Most seedless vascular plants are ——-sporous
HOMO
Producing megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes and microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
Heterosporous
Give rise to female gametophytes
Megaspores
Give rise to male gametopytes
Microspores
Seedless vascular plant examples
Lycophyte, Pterophyte
Increased photosynthesis may have produced
global cooling
Decaying plants of carboniferous forests became
coal (fossil fuel)
evolved in plants to create thickness
cuticle
Flagellated sperm are found in ______
seedless vascular plants
