Plant Diversity 2 Flashcards
an embryo and nutrients surrounded by protective coat
seed
_____ and ______ are key adaptations for life on land
seeds and pollen grains
All are common to seed plants
reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollen
dominant life cycle of mosses and non vascular plants
gametophyte
dominant life cycle of fern and seedless plants
sporophyte
dominant life cycle of seed plants
sporophyte
two major seed plants
gymnosperms and angiosperm
Gymnosperm gametophytes are found in _______
cones
Angiosperm gametophytes are found in _____
flowers
Ovulate cone
Female gametophytes of gymnosperm
Pollen cone
male gametophytes of gymnosperm
Gives rise to female gametophytes
megaspores
Gives rise to male gametophytes
microspores
Made up of megasporangium, megaspore and one/more protective integuments
ovule
Fertalized ovule becomes
seed
microspores develop into _____ , contain male gametophytes
pollen grains
transfer of pollen from male to female part containing ovules
pollination
Two evolutionary advantages of seeds over spores
- Remain dormant for days to years until favorable conditions
- May be transported long distances by wind/animals
have naked seeds
gymnosperms (cones)
Two clades of seed plants
gymnosperms and angiosperms
cone-bearing gymnosperms
conifers
high tolerance to air pollution
ginkgo biloba
preform year round photosynthesis
conifers
one of the oldest living organism (conifer)
Sequoia
Three key features of gymnosperm life cycle are
dominance of sporophyte generation, transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen, development of seeds from fertilized ovules
seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
angiosperms
Phylum that classifies all angiosperms
Anthophyta
Angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction
Flower
modified leaf that encloses the flower
septals
modified leaf that are brightly colored and attract pollinators
Petals
Produce pollen on terminal anthers
Stamens
Consist of ovary containing ovules at the base and a style holding up a stigma, where pollen is recieved
Carpels
Where pollen is recieved
Stigma
Produces pollen
Anthers
Typically consists of mature ovary
Fruit
Protects seeds and aids in seed dispersal
Fruit
Female gametophyteof angiosperm
embryo sac
a pollen grain that lands on a stigma ______, and the ________ of the male gametophyte grows to ovary
germinates, pollen tube
Occurs when the pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule
Double Fertilization
Results from second sperm combining with 2 nuclei, food storing
endosperm
Nourishes developing embryo
endosperm
Two main groups of angiosperms
Monocots and Eudicots
Have one cotyledon
Monocot
Have two cotyledons
Eudicot
Two important relationships in terrestrial ecosystems
Pollination of flowers and transport of seeds by animals
NO group of plants is more important to human survival than
Seed plants
Plants are key sources of food, fuel ____ and _____
wood products, medicine
Most of our food comes from
angiosperms
These parts of seed plants are used in medicine
secondary compounds
Modern crops are products of
artificial selection
Four phyla of gymnosperms
Cycadophyta, Gingkophyta, Gnetophya, Confierophyta
Why pollen grains are important adaptation
don’t need water for fertilization
Destruction of habitat is causing ______ of many plant species
extinction
% of earth’s species will become extinct within the next 100-200 years
50%
