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Table of elements > PLANT DISEASE CYCLE > Flashcards

PLANT DISEASE CYCLE Flashcards

1
Q

Disease development occurs over a period as a series of events. This series of events is called the_____

A

disease cycle

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2
Q

The basic steps in most disease cycles are as follows:

A

Inoculation

Penetration

Infection

Growth and Reproduction

Dissemination

Survival

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3
Q

These three often survive in crop residue or in the soil.

A

Fungi, bacteria, and nematodes

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4
Q

These two often survive in insect vectors.

A

Viruses and bacteria

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5
Q

These three can be dispersed by insects.

A

Fungi, bacteria, and viruses

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6
Q

Only these two are dispersed by rain or wind.

A

fungi and bacteria

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7
Q

The type of disease which produces only one infection cycle per host cycle is called _____?

A

monocyclic

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8
Q

Three types of plant diseases that tend to produce only one
infection cycle per host cycle (monocyclic):

A

(1) postharvest diseases,

(2) diseases caused by soil-borne plant pathogens, and

(3) rusts without a urediniospore stage.

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9
Q

4 stages of MONOCYCLIC DISEASE

A

Primary Inoculum
Dissemination
Primary Infection
Overwintering

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10
Q

It is considered such if there are repeated complete infection cycles, that is, infection followed by pathogen development, new inoculum production, dispersal to new susceptible sites, and new infections, all within a single
crop cycle.

A

polycyclic

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11
Q

This describes the introduction/contact of the plant pathogen to the host.

A

INOCULATION

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12
Q

? – arrival of the pathogen to the host

A

Inoculation

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13
Q

? – the pathogen(s) that land on the host

  • Any part of the pathogen that can initiate infection
A

Inoculum

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14
Q

TYPES OF INOCULUM

? – asexual or sexual spores, mycelia fragments, sclerotial
bodies, rhizomorphs, and dormant mycelia in seeds

A

Fungi

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15
Q

TYPES OF INOCULUM

? – eggs, larvae, and adults

A

Nematodes

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16
Q

TYPES OF INOCULUM

? – phytoplasma cells, protozoan cells, bacterial cells

A

Bacteria

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17
Q

SOURCES OF INOCULUM (6)

A

infected living plants

Plant debris

Infested soil

Infected seed and vegetative propagating materials

Contaminated containers, storage areas and equipment

Insects, nematodes and other living agents that carry inocula

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18
Q

An example of active penetration of the pathogen is?

A

Direct penetration

19
Q

An example of passive penetration of the pathogen is?

A

Penetration through natural openings and wounds

20
Q

This is the most common type of penetration by fungi and nematodes and the only type by parasitic plants.

Fungi use a fine hyphae produced by a spore mycelium or penetration peg produced by an appressorium.

  • This is formed at the point of contact with the host
  • It can be through mechanical force and softening of the cell walls by an enzyme.
A

DIRECT PENETRATION

21
Q

PENETRATION THROUGH NATURAL OPENINGS

  • also called a stomate is a pore, found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange.
A

Stomata

22
Q
  • A ______ is a type of pore, commonly found in
    angiosperms, that secretes water through pores in the epidermis or leaf margin, typically at the tip of a marginal tooth or serration.
A

Hydathodes

23
Q
  • one of many raised pores in the stem of a woody plant that allows gas exchange between the atmosphere and the internal tissues.
A

Lenticels

24
Q
  • A pore, in the base of a flower, through which nectar is secreted.
A

Nectarthode

25
Q

This occurs when the pathogen invades the plant tissue and
establishes a parasitic relationship between itself and the plant.

A

INFECTION

26
Q

Examples of NATURAL OPENINGS (4)

A

Stomata
Hydathodes
Lenticels
Nectarthode

27
Q

These 2 organisms and phytoplasmas are not able to actively penetrate or enter plant host tissues. Therefore, they must rely on other methods to infect plant tissues and cells.

A

Viruses, bacteria,

28
Q

When Successful, infection is evident as___?

A

symptoms

29
Q

3 different types of Infection:

A

Local infection
Systemic infection
Latent infection

30
Q
  • This type of infection produces symptoms which are physiological or structural changes within a limited area of host tissue, such as leaf spots, galls, and cankers.
A

Local infection

31
Q
  • symptoms of this type of infection are those involving the reaction of a greater part or all of the plant, such as wilting, yellowing, and dwarfing.
A

Systemic infection

32
Q

This type of infection is where the state in which a host is infected with a pathogen but does not show symptoms. It persists until signs or symptoms are prompted to appear by environmental or nutritional conditions or by the stage of maturity of the host or
pathogen.

A

Latent infection

33
Q

Bacterial leaf blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is an example of what type of infection?

A

LOCAL

34
Q

Bacterial Wilt of Tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an example of what type of infection?

A

SYSTEMIC

35
Q

Anthracnose of mango caused by
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an example of what type of infection?

A

LATENT

36
Q

INFECTION PROCESS IS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS
FACTORS

A

– Resistance & susceptibility of the host

– Aggressiveness & virulence of the pathogen

– Environmental factors

– Host nutrition & pH

– Incubation period (depends upon host-pathogen combination, stage of host and
environment etc.)

37
Q

What are the two concurrent stages that occur during infection as pathogen invade different cells, grow & multiply?

A

Invasion and reproduction

38
Q

REPRODUCTION style of Fungi

A

Sexual or asexual spores

39
Q

REPRODUCTION method of bacteria

A

Binary Fission

40
Q

REPRODUCTION method of Virus

A

Replication

41
Q

REPRODUCTION method of Nematodes

A

Self-fertilization (Hermaphrodites)

42
Q

inoculum are disseminated or spread by a variety of factors (5).

A

Wind
Seed and planting materials
Rain
Man
Insects

43
Q

Media where organisms can survive

A
  1. In infected crop debris
  2. In seed
  3. In soil
  4. On growing plants
  5. Infected material on host plants
  6. In propagating material
  7. Alternate host
  8. As dormant structures e. g. sclerotia, chlamydospores

Table of elements (21 decks)

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