Paradigms, Principles, and Objectives of Agricultural Extension Flashcards
Extension Terminologies
– A system of educating and training the rural people to develop skills and abilities in farming, homemaking and youth building.
– A well-planned program of bringing results of agricultural research and technology to rural
families to help them solve problems of agricultural production, home and community living.
– A two-way process that brings
agriculture and homemaking
technologies from research agencies and/ or universities to rural families in forms applicable to their own situations and in turn, presents their problems in
farming and homemaking for study of these institutions.
- Agricultural Extension Education
Extension Terminologies
– Art of stimulating, directing, and guiding the learning process
– Process of guided interaction
– Process designated to help people develop and become capable of guiding successfully
their own destinies
– Providing effective learning situations that create new learning experiences for people
- Extension Teaching
Extension Terminologies
– Representation of a system that
specifies the parts and its components as well as relationships among them
- Extension Model
Extension Terminologies
– Series of steps, set of procedures, activities that operationalize the approaches which will facilitate accomplishment of goals
- Extension Strategy
Extension Terminologies
– Educational techniques employed by extension system
- Extension Method
- the science of teaching children
Pedagogy
-the science of teaching adults
Andragogy
Extension Terminologies
– A series of activities and appraisals from which one gains meanings in facing new problems and planning new experiences
- Learning Experience
Extension Terminologies
-General belief that you have about the way you should behave, which influences your behavior
-comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption
- Principle
Extension Terminologies
-”Love of wisdom”
-Guiding principles about the “big picture”, sometimes interchangeable with paradigm.
-how to understand man, nature, and universe
- Philosophy
Counterparts of the Concept ‘Extension’ from Other Countries
Term - Voorlichting
Meaning - Lighting the path ahead to help people find their way
Country ______ ?
Netherlands
Counterparts of the Concept ‘Extension’ from Other Countries
Term - Penyuluhan
Meaning - Lighting the way ahead with a torch
Country ______ ?
Indonesia
Counterparts of the Concept ‘Extension’ from Other Countries
Term - Perkembangan
Meaning - Education, the way USA interprets it
Country ______ ?
Malaysia
Counterparts of the Concept ‘Extension’ from Other Countries
Term - Föderung
Meaning - “Furthering” or stimulating one to go in a desirable direction
Country ______ ?
Austria
Counterparts of the Concept ‘Extension’ from Other Countries
Term - Erziehung
Meaning - “Education” that is, to
teach people to solve their
problems themselves
Country ______ ?
Germany
Counterparts of the Concept ‘Extension’ from Other Countries
Term - Aufklärung
Meaning - “Enlightenment” so that one knows clearly where he/she is going
Country ______ ?
Germany
Counterparts of the Concept ‘Extension’ from Other Countries
Term - Beratung
Meaning - “Advisory work” –an expert can give advice on the best way to reach one’s goal but leaves the person the final responsibility for selecting the way
Country ______ ?
Germany
Counterparts of the Concept ‘Extension’ from Other Countries
Term - Vulgarisation Animation
Meaning - Simplification of the
message for the common man
Country ______ ?
France
Counterparts of the Concept ‘Extension’ from Other Countries
Term - Capacitacion Consultacion
Meaning - Improving peoples’ abilities, normally through training
Country ______ ?
Spain
Counterparts of the Concept ‘Extension’ from Other Countries
Term - Extension
Meaning - Education, or influencing people to change their behavior
Country ______ ?
USA
Main Objectives of Extension
- Emphasizes the client-centered
approach - All the efforts of extension are geared towards changing elements related to the client system, the farmers
Core objectives
Main Objectives of Extension
-What the extension system is
trying to achieve in terms of
specific activities that will hopefully bring the core objectives
Direct Objectives
Main Objectives of Extension
-End goal of the project, program, or extension activity being pursued
Result Objectives
-”mental representation of how an entity is structured
(parts and interrelationships), and how it functions” (Huit, 2018c).
-”accepted examples of actual scientific practice, examples which include law, theory, application, and instumentation together…provide models”
(Kuhn, 1962).
Paradigm
Major Paradigms of Agricultural Extension
- Technology Transfer
- Advisory Services
- Non-formal Education (NFE)
- Facilitation Extension
Major Paradigms of Agricultural
Extension
-This “top-down” model primarily delivers specific recommendations from research, especially for the staple food crops, to all types of farmers (large, medium, and small).
-Primary goal is to increase food production, which help reduce food costs.
- Technology Transfer
Major Paradigms of Agricultural
Extension
-Both public extension workers and private-sector firms, in responding to specific farmer inquiries about particular production problems, still
commonly use the term advisory services.
-In most cases, farmers are “advised” to use a specific practice or technology to solve an identified constraint.
- Advisory Services
Major Paradigms of Agricultural
Extension
-This Approach continue to be used in most extension systems, but the focus is shifting more
toward training farmers how to utilize specific management skills and/or technical knowledge to
increase their production efficiency or to utilize specific management practices such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM), as taught through Farmers Field School (FFS).
- Non-Formal Education (NFE)
Major Paradigms of Agricultural
Extension
-An important difference is that front-line extension agents primarily work as “knowledge brokers” in facilitating the
teaching-learning process among all types of farmers (including women) and rural young people.
- Facilitation Education
Nature-Dimension of Agricultural
Extension
-Extension is aimed at helping farmers
-A basic premise of extension that must be observed by practitioners
- Altruistic Dimension
Nature-Dimension of Agricultural
Extension
-Extension is a non-formal method of adult education
-Thus, extension professionals must be imbued with knowledge on how adults learn
- Educational Dimension
Nature-Dimension of Agricultural
Extension
-Extension is a communication
intervention
-Knowledge of basic communication process and its dynamics must be adequately understood by the extension
professional
- Communication Dimension
Nature-Dimension of Agricultural
Extension
-Extension is aimed at inducing
behavioral changes among farmers
-This makes behavioral changes the end goal of extension
-If farmer has not changed this
behavior, (for his/her betterment), no extension has been done
- Behavioral Dimension
Nature-Dimension of Agricultural
Extension
-Extension helps in the Transfer of Technology (TOT)
-Extension should be able to identify technologies appropriate to stakeholder
-The need for alternative approaches and methods for diagnosing technical problems
should be recognized
- Technology Dimension
Nature-Dimension of Agricultural
Extension
-Extension aims at linking research with farmers
-Ways to foster closer links between the farmers and the researchers need further understanding
- Research Dimension
Nature-Dimension of Agricultural
Extension
-Provision of technical inputs plays and important linking function in the transfer of technology
-Requires that extension professional be knowledgeable of these technical inputs
- Input Dimension
Nature-Dimension of Agricultural
Extension
-Extension is aimed at increased
income for the farmer through
increased production and productivity
- Income Dimension
Nature-Dimension of Agricultural
Extension
-Extension aims to function according to sound management principles
-Hence, requiring that the extension professional is a good manager
- Management Dimension
Purpose of Extension
- Informative Extension
- Emancipatory Extension
- Formulative Extension of Human Resource Development (HRD)
- Persuasive Extension
Purpose of Extension
Helps people make well-
considered choices among alternatives provided by extension for the individual to achieve his/her goals
- Informative Extension
Purpose of Extension
An instrument to uplift the poor, to achieve societal goals, to correct structural problems
Paolo Freire calls It ‘pedagogy of the oppressed’
- Emancipatory Extension
Purpose of Extension
An instrument for developing,
‘forming’ an individual or enhancing his/her capabilities to make decisions, to learn, to manage, to.communicate, to organize, etc.
- Formulative Extension or HRD
Purpose of Extension
A policy instrument to induce
preventive behavior with respect to societal concerns such as environmental pollution, health hazards, vandalisms, drug addiction, rape, etc. such
preventive behavior is in the interest of the society as a whole or of the future generation
- Persuasive Extension
The body of principles underlying a given branch of learning, or major discipline, a
religious system, a human activity or the like.
It guides a person’s actions.
A view of life- what ought to.be and its components of “what is” and “how to bridge the gap” between “what is” and “what ought to be”.
Philosophy
Structure of Philosophy
- one’s mental convictions, view of the world, or acceptance of something true or actual.
Beliefs
Structure of Philosophy
- the basic principles of right actions/conduct as defined by profession, society and
nation; also referred to as the ideal of conduct.
Ethics
Structure of Philosophy
- something regarded as desirable, worthy or right; the intensity of degree of valuing something may change in time.
Values
Educational Philosophy of Extension
- Man, his interest and development are central and dominant
Humanism
Educational Philosophy of Extension
- the value of the ideas, knowledge and skills that extension offers its clientele is measured in terms of the
practical consequences to these people for whom extension efforts are directed.
Pragmatism
______ is necessary for mobilising the village people and the extension workers both, if our
extension programme is to succeed.
Motivation
