Plant cells + Cell specialisation animals Flashcards
State the sub-cellular structures that are found in plant cells
a nucleus
* cytoplasm
* a cell membrane
* mitochondria
* ribosomes.
chloroplasts
* a permanent vacuole
Draw a plant cell
https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/z3fkpbk/large
Describe the shape of plant cells. How is the shape different to animal cells
Plant cells have a regular shape (unlike animal cells which can easily change their shape)
State the extra sub-cellular structures that plant cells have that animal cells do not have
Cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts
State the function of chloroplasts
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis
Where are chloroplasts found and why are they green
Chloroplasts are found in all the green parts of plant
They are green because they contain the green substance chlorophyll
Explain why root cells may not have chlorplasts
Root cells do not have chloroplasts because they are underground therefore they are unable to absorb light and cannot photosynthesise
Explain what the chlorophyll does
The chlorophyll absorbs light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis.
State the function of the cell wall
The cell wall is made from cellulose. This strengthens the cell.
State the function of the permanent vacuole
The permanent vacuole is filled with a fluid called cell sap. This is important for keeping the plant cell rigid to support the plant.
State some specialised cells in animals
Sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells are all examples of specialised animal cells
Explain why all animal cells are not the same (identical)
Animal cells may have different amounts of each sub-cellular structure depending on their function
Define differentiation
Differentiation is the process by which cells become specialised and adapted to carry out a
particular function.
Most animal cells are ____
Most animal cells are specialised
What does it mean for an animal cell to be specialised
This means that the animal cells has adaptations which help them to carry out their particular function
State the function of a sperm cell
To carry genetic information from the male through the female reproductive tract to fertilise the egg cell in sexual reproduction.
State the adaptations of the sperm cell
Large nucleus
Long tail
Acrosome which stores digestive enzymes
Have lots of mitochondria
Explain how the large nucleus helps the sperm cell to carry out its function
A large nucleus contains genetic information to be passed on
Explain how the long tail helps the sperm cell to carry out its function
Sperm cells have a long tail which allows them to swim towards the egg cell. They are also streamlined to make this easier
Explain how having lots of mitochondria helps the sperm cell to carry out its function
The middle section is full of mitochondria, which releases energy for swimming in aerobic respiration
Explain how the acrosome helps the sperm cell to carry out its function
The acrosome (in the head) contain digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg cell
Label the diagram of a sperm cell
https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zqfmgdm/small
tail
middle section
nucleus
acrosome
State the function of the nerve cell
The function of a nerve cell is to carry electrical impulses from one part of the body to another
State the adaptations of the nerve cell
Axon
Lots of dendrites
Synapses
Myelin
https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zyjrxfr/large
https://www.msdmanuals.com/-/media/manual/home/images/n/e/u/neu_nerve_cell.gif?mw=704&thn=0&sc_lang=en
https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zws6gdm/large
Explain how the axon helps the nerve cell to carry out its function
The axon carries the electrical impulses from one part of the body to another
Explain how the myelin helps the nerve cell to carry out its function
Myelin insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses
In a nerve cell what is the axon covered with
The axon is covered with myelin
Explain how the synapses helps the nerve cell to carry out its function
Synapses are junctions which allow the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another
In a nerve cell what is at the end of an axon
The end of the axon has synapses (nerve endings)
Explain how the dendrites helps the nerve cell to carry out its function
Dendrite increase the surface area so that other nerve cells can connect more easily
Label the parts of a nerve cell
https://cdn.savemyexams.co.uk/cdn-cgi/image/w=640,f=auto/uploads/2020/01/Nerve-Cell.png
State the function of muscle cells
The function of a muscle cell is to contract
State the adaptations of the muscle cell
Lots of mitochondria
Protein fibres
Explain how the protein fibres helps the muscle cell to carry out its function
Muscle cells contain protein fibres that slide over each other making the cell to contract.
What happens when a muscle cell contracts
When a muscle cell contracts, these protein fibres shorten decreasing the length of the cell
Explain how the lots of mitochondria helps the muscle cell to carry out its function
Muscle cells contain many mitochondria to provide the energy for muscle contraction
Muscle cells work together to form _______
Muscle cells work together to form muscle tissue
Explain how the glycogen storage helps the muscle cell to carry out its function
Muscle cells can store glycogen, a chemical that can be broken down and used in cellular respiration by the mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the fibres to contract
When do most types of animal cells differentiate
Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage
Describe cell differentiation in mature animals
What are cells that differentiate in mature animals used for
What is cell division in matured animals mainly restricted to
In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement.
The cells that differentiate in mature animals are mainly used for repairing and replacing cells
describe what happens in differentiation
As a cell differentiates it acquires different sub-cellular
structures to enable it to carry out a certain function.
It has become a specialised cell.
A cell changes to become specialised for its job
as cells change they develop different subcellular structures and turn into different types of cells
this allows them to carry out specific functions
____________________________________
some specialised cells such as egg and sperm cells work individually.
Others are adapted to work as part of a tissue, an organ or a whole organism
When does most differentiation occur
- in animals and plants
Most differentiation occurs as an organism develops
In most animals, the ability to differentiate is then lost at an early age, after they become specialised
However, lots of plant cells dont ever lose the ability to differentiate
Many types of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life
(a) Describe the function of muscle cells in the wall of the stomach.
The function of a muscle cell is to contract and to churn food
some cells are undifferentiated cells - they are called
some cells are undifferentiated cells - they are called STEM CELLS
