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GCSE Biology > Plant cells + Cell specialisation animals > Flashcards

Plant cells + Cell specialisation animals Flashcards

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1
Q

State the sub-cellular structures that are found in plant cells

A

a nucleus
* cytoplasm
* a cell membrane
* mitochondria
* ribosomes.
chloroplasts
* a permanent vacuole

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2
Q

Draw a plant cell

A

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/z3fkpbk/large

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3
Q

Describe the shape of plant cells. How is the shape different to animal cells

A

Plant cells have a regular shape (unlike animal cells which can easily change their shape)

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4
Q

State the extra sub-cellular structures that plant cells have that animal cells do not have

A

Cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts

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5
Q

State the function of chloroplasts

A

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis

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6
Q

Where are chloroplasts found and why are they green

A

Chloroplasts are found in all the green parts of plant
They are green because they contain the green substance chlorophyll

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7
Q

Explain why root cells may not have chlorplasts

A

Root cells do not have chloroplasts because they are underground therefore they are unable to absorb light and cannot photosynthesise

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8
Q

Explain what the chlorophyll does

A

The chlorophyll absorbs light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis.

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9
Q

State the function of the cell wall

A

The cell wall is made from cellulose. This strengthens the cell.

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10
Q

State the function of the permanent vacuole

A

The permanent vacuole is filled with a fluid called cell sap. This is important for keeping the plant cell rigid to support the plant.

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11
Q

State some specialised cells in animals

A

Sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells are all examples of specialised animal cells

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12
Q

Explain why all animal cells are not the same (identical)

A

Animal cells may have different amounts of each sub-cellular structure depending on their function

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13
Q

Define differentiation

A

Differentiation is the process by which cells become specialised and adapted to carry out a
particular function.

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14
Q

Most animal cells are ____

A

Most animal cells are specialised

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15
Q

What does it mean for an animal cell to be specialised

A

This means that the animal cells has adaptations which help them to carry out their particular function

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16
Q

State the function of a sperm cell

A

To carry genetic information from the male through the female reproductive tract to fertilise the egg cell in sexual reproduction.

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17
Q

State the adaptations of the sperm cell

A

Large nucleus
Long tail
Acrosome which stores digestive enzymes
Have lots of mitochondria

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18
Q

Explain how the large nucleus helps the sperm cell to carry out its function

A

A large nucleus contains genetic information to be passed on

19
Q

Explain how the long tail helps the sperm cell to carry out its function

A

Sperm cells have a long tail which allows them to swim towards the egg cell. They are also streamlined to make this easier

20
Q

Explain how having lots of mitochondria helps the sperm cell to carry out its function

A

The middle section is full of mitochondria, which releases energy for swimming in aerobic respiration

21
Q

Explain how the acrosome helps the sperm cell to carry out its function

A

The acrosome (in the head) contain digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg cell

22
Q

Label the diagram of a sperm cell

A

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zqfmgdm/small

tail
middle section
nucleus
acrosome

23
Q

State the function of the nerve cell

A

The function of a nerve cell is to carry electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

24
Q

State the adaptations of the nerve cell

A

Axon
Lots of dendrites
Synapses
Myelin

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zyjrxfr/large

https://www.msdmanuals.com/-/media/manual/home/images/n/e/u/neu_nerve_cell.gif?mw=704&thn=0&sc_lang=en

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zws6gdm/large

25
Q

Explain how the axon helps the nerve cell to carry out its function

A

The axon carries the electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

26
Q

Explain how the myelin helps the nerve cell to carry out its function

A

Myelin insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses

27
Q

In a nerve cell what is the axon covered with

A

The axon is covered with myelin

28
Q

Explain how the synapses helps the nerve cell to carry out its function

A

Synapses are junctions which allow the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another

29
Q

In a nerve cell what is at the end of an axon

A

The end of the axon has synapses (nerve endings)

30
Q

Explain how the dendrites helps the nerve cell to carry out its function

A

Dendrite increase the surface area so that other nerve cells can connect more easily

31
Q

Label the parts of a nerve cell

A

https://cdn.savemyexams.co.uk/cdn-cgi/image/w=640,f=auto/uploads/2020/01/Nerve-Cell.png

32
Q

State the function of muscle cells

A

The function of a muscle cell is to contract

33
Q

State the adaptations of the muscle cell

A

Lots of mitochondria
Protein fibres

34
Q

Explain how the protein fibres helps the muscle cell to carry out its function

A

Muscle cells contain protein fibres that slide over each other making the cell to contract.

35
Q

What happens when a muscle cell contracts

A

When a muscle cell contracts, these protein fibres shorten decreasing the length of the cell

36
Q

Explain how the lots of mitochondria helps the muscle cell to carry out its function

A

Muscle cells contain many mitochondria to provide the energy for muscle contraction

37
Q

Muscle cells work together to form _______

A

Muscle cells work together to form muscle tissue

38
Q

Explain how the glycogen storage helps the muscle cell to carry out its function

A

Muscle cells can store glycogen, a chemical that can be broken down and used in cellular respiration by the mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the fibres to contract

39
Q

When do most types of animal cells differentiate

A

Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage

40
Q

Describe cell differentiation in mature animals

What are cells that differentiate in mature animals used for
What is cell division in matured animals mainly restricted to

A

In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement.
The cells that differentiate in mature animals are mainly used for repairing and replacing cells

41
Q

describe what happens in differentiation

A

As a cell differentiates it acquires different sub-cellular
structures to enable it to carry out a certain function.
It has become a specialised cell.

A cell changes to become specialised for its job
as cells change they develop different subcellular structures and turn into different types of cells
this allows them to carry out specific functions
____________________________________
some specialised cells such as egg and sperm cells work individually.
Others are adapted to work as part of a tissue, an organ or a whole organism

42
Q

When does most differentiation occur
- in animals and plants

A

Most differentiation occurs as an organism develops
In most animals, the ability to differentiate is then lost at an early age, after they become specialised
However, lots of plant cells dont ever lose the ability to differentiate

Many types of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life

43
Q

(a) Describe the function of muscle cells in the wall of the stomach.

A

The function of a muscle cell is to contract and to churn food

44
Q

some cells are undifferentiated cells - they are called

A

some cells are undifferentiated cells - they are called STEM CELLS

GCSE Biology (51 decks)

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