Plant breeding

Question 1

Plant domestication

Answer 1

Plants are generally modifies overtime by humans for traits that are more desirable to humans

Often have difficulty surviving in the wild

Question 2

Domestication syndrom (changes that occur during domestication)

Answer 2

Large fruit/ seed, loss of seed dormancy, loss of seed shattering, uniform maturation, reduction in bitter flavours, loss of seeds

Question 3

Teosinte

Answer 3

Small grain, hard shell, ancestor of corn (large grain, no cover)

Question 4

Breeding

Answer 4

1) Creating new genetic variation
2) Selection for adaption and performance
3) Propagation of the second group

Question 5

Heterosis (hybrid vigour)

Answer 5

The tendency of a crossbred inbred to show qualities better than both parents

Question 6

Self fertilization

Answer 6

Traits are fixed, homozygosity

Loss of genetic diversity (inbred) loss of vigour and recessive traits

99.2% are genetically uniform

Question 7

F1

Answer 7

Crossing 2 inbred line, maximizes heterosis, plants are uniform

Corn: easy to hydridize

Question 8

1934-1936

Answer 8

Dust cloud years

Hybrids thrived

Better vigour, tolerant to stress, crop development was synchronized

Combined with synthetic fertilizers

Question 9

Hybrid

Answer 9

Common in many cross- pollinated crop

Question 10

Cultivar

Answer 10

All plants in field are the same genotype but they are heterozygous (hybrid vigour)

Saved seed will segregate and be quite variable in performance

Question 11

Plant biotechnology and genetic engineering

Answer 11

Gene transfers can be done quick and specific without the need of an intermediate species

Transgenic: An organism that has been engineered to express a gene from another species

Question 12

Reducing fossil fuel dependancy

Answer 12

Fast growing plants such as switch grass and poplar can help satisfy energy needs

Polymers in cell walls would be broke into sugars in enzymatic reactions, fermented into alcohol, distilled to yield biofuels

Question 13

Genetic transformation

Answer 13

Transfer of genes from one organism to another

Argobacterium

Bioistics (gene gun)

Question 14

DNA inserted into a single cell

Answer 14

Must regenerate transformed plant

Must be totipotent

Use gold because it is heavy and inert

Put antibiotic into gene to make sure we had the right one

Question 15

What is in the tube

Answer 15

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

Vitamins

Amino acids

Sucros

Agar

Question 16

Mutations

Answer 16

Occur naturally

Introduces new gene variants not found in crop or relatives

She are of commercial interest

Question 17

Microbiome

Answer 17

Probiotics for crops

Question 18

IAEA

Answer 18

International atomic energy agency

Question 19

Novel sources of genetic variability

Answer 19

Wild relatives, related species

Natural and induced mutations (spontaneous)

Intergenic crosses

Genetic transformation

Question 20

As poloidy increases

Answer 20

So does everything else

Question 21

Organelle transformation mitochondria in animals

Answer 21

Female except blue muscle

Question 22

Organelle transformation mitochondria in plants

Answer 22

Maize: female

Geraniums: Either

Gymnosperms: Male (many conifers)

Question 23

Organelle transformation chloroplasts

Answer 23

Maize: Female

Alfalfa: Male

Gymnosperms: Male (many conifers)

Question 24

Unreduced gametes

Answer 24

Hybrid videos often involved in increased fitness

Diploid plants can produce 2N eggs and 2N pollen (only when they are fertile)

Question 25

Second division restitution

Answer 25

Premature cytokinesis

Sister chromatids stay together

Question 26

First division restitution

Answer 26

Sister chromatids separate but sets of spindle fires are parallel